Plant Mediated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

This chapter elaborates the basic introduction of nanoparticles obtained from different sources. This includes the information regarding different types of nanoparticles, methods of synthesis and important principles of green chemistry etc. along with all these parameters this chapter emphasize on production of environmental friendly green nanoparticles by using different parts of the plants such as stem, bark, leaves, root, flower, seed and fruit etc. Clear information can be gathered from the chapter regarding appropriate parameters and precautions to be taken while synthesis of green and sustainable materials with wide ranges of applications which includes essential industries like food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals etc. Brief introduction has also been mentioned here about the various characterization techniques adopted for identification and monitoring of green nanoparticles.

The chapter focus on detailed information regarding all recently adopted methods for synthesis of green nanoparticles such as Biological synthesis, Coprecipitation method, Template synthesis, Hydrothermal technique, Microwave assisted synthesis, Inert gas condensation, Laser ablation method, Micro-emulsion technique, Spark discharge method and Sputtering etc. Along with their advantages and disadvantages. Biological methods of synthesis have been described extensively here to synthesise environmental friendly nanoparticles with economical costs. Biological synthesis has been shown by using bacteria, fungi and yeast etc. Along with methods, this chapter gave detailed description about various spectral and analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, EDX, UV-Visible spectroscopy etc.

Green nanoparticles are being used in the field of pharmaceutical industry to convert them into pharmacologically effective agents that are used to cure many dangerous diseases. Inventions have been done in this area to prepare non-toxic and pharmacologically beneficial drugs to save life of humans and to preserve the environment to its originality. This chapter gives information about the different types of nanoparticles that are used in the form of drugs such as Dendrimers, Micelles, Drug conjugates, Protein nanoparticles, Nano-gels, Nanotubes of carbon and Nano-diamonds etc. It has been found that incorporation of green nanoparticles into drug reduces the toxicity level of the drug and used to cure Cancer, Infectious disorders, Auto-immune disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Neurodegenerative diseases, Disorders of the eye and lungs etc. Along with this, the chapter describes the various route of administration of nanoparticles with appropriate mechanisms. 

The current trend highly favors the synthesis and production of metallic nanoparticles such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, magnesium etc. utilizing plant components that have superior properties. Simultaneously nanoparticles have been produced utilizing diverse plant extracts sourced from leaves, roots, seeds and other plants. Plant-extract-based nanoparticles are in high demand due to their outstanding characteristics and versatile applications. These nanoparticles are extensively employed in numerous medical procedures, devices and biological applications they do present drawbacks attributed to nanotoxicity. This review offers a comprehensive view of the mechanism of action, production, and medical applications of nanoparticles particularly focusing on their potential health and environmental impacts. This study discusses medicinal plants, plant- extract-based nanoparticles and their potential uses for antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal treatment.

As discussed in previous chapters that the formation of nanoparticles results in various advantages for multidrug delivery when combined with particular drug as compared to free drugs. So this article emphasize on use of nanoparticle and drug combination to reduce the toxicity and improve the efficiency which is given in the form of advantages. Drud combination analysis has been explained in the form of isoboles and dose equivalent etc. Synergic effects of drug-nanoparticle combination on bacteria, fungi, virus, diabetes and cancer has been shown by proper mechanism. Beside these harmful effects of nanoparticles alone has been discussed in this section. Drugs are combined with various metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver, copper etc. has been shown to act as excellent agents to cure diseases effectively.