Generic placeholder image

Current Functional Foods

Author(s): Bhargavi Vijay Shah, Harsha Chopra, Srujana Medithi and Venkat Ramakrishna Ungarala*

DOI: 10.2174/0126668629288525240228182840

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Nutritional Potency of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): Focus on Mango as Antioxidant

Article ID: e200324228150

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Mango, known as "the king of fruits," is one of the most popular fruits on the planet. Vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive substances abound.

Objective: In the present review, we aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of mango as an antioxidant.

Methods: Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were used to gather research papers over the pre-vious 12 years.

Results: Our research explores the formidable antioxidant potential of mango, driven by its ele-vated phenolic and flavonoid content. Within mango, crucial metabolites such as glutathione and euxanthone contribute significantly to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory prowess. A note-worthy bioactive compound, Mangiferin, found in mango, exhibits anti-diabetic properties by inhibiting sucrase and isomaltase, consequently reducing glucose absorption in the intestine.

Conclusion: In our study, mango has demonstrated its ability to lower blood sugar levels, en-hance insulin production, and reduce lipid levels. These beneficial effects are attributed to high soluble fiber, polyphenols, and carotenoids, including quercetin and beta-carotene. Our findings shed light on the multifaceted health-promoting attributes of mango, positioning it as a valuable natural resource for potential dietary interventions and health enhancement. In conclusion, ef-fective blood sugar management hinges on strategic dietary decisions. Steering clear of high-glycemic combinations with mangoes, choosing daytime consumption, and integrating regular physical activity for energy equilibrium is paramount.

[1]
Evans SF, Meister M, Mahmood M, et al. Mango supplementation improves blood glucose in obese individuals. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7: NMI.S17028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/NMI.S17028] [PMID: 25210462]
[2]
US Department of Agriculture ARS. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. 2005. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl
[3]
Ajila CM, Rao JL, Rao PUJS. Characterization of bioactive compounds from raw and ripe Mangifera indica L. peel extracts. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48(12): 3406-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.012] [PMID: 20851730]
[4]
Ajila CM, Aalami M, Leelavathi K, Rao UJSP. Mango peel powder: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in macaroni preparations. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2010; 11(1): 219-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.004]
[5]
Sivakumar D, Jiang Y, Yahia EM. Maintaining mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit quality during the export chain. Food Res Int 2011; 44(5): 1254-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.11.022]
[6]
Kuganesan A, Thiripuranathar G, Navaratne AN, Paranagama PA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of peels, pulps, and seed kernels of three common mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties in Sri Lanka. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(1): 70.
[7]
Jeong SH, Kim BY, Kang HG, Ku HO, Cho JH. Effects of butylated hydroxyanisole on the development and functions of reproductive system in rats. Toxicology 2005; 208(1): 49-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.11.014] [PMID: 15664432]
[8]
Engin AB, Bukan N, Kurukahvecioglu O, Memis L, Engin A. Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (E321) pretreatment versus l-arginine on liver injury after sub-lethal dose of endotoxin administration. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 32(3): 457-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.08.014] [PMID: 22004966]
[9]
Botterweck AAM, Verhagen H, Goldbohm RA, Kleinjans J, van den Brandt PA. Intake of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and stomach cancer risk: results from analyses in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Food Chem Toxicol 2000; 38(7): 599-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00042-9] [PMID: 10942321]
[10]
Randhawa S, Bahna SL. Hypersensitivity reactions to food additives. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9(3): 278-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832b2632] [PMID: 19390435]
[11]
Lourenço SC, Martins MM, Alves VD. Antioxidants of natural plant origins: From sources to food industry applications. Molecules 2019; 24(22): 4132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224132] [PMID: 31731614]
[12]
Nunes CR, Arantes BM, de Pereira FMS, et al. Plants as sources of anti-inflammatory agents. Molecules 2020; 25(16): 3726.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163726] [PMID: 32824133]
[13]
Tsai WC, Li YH, Lin CC, Chao TH, Chen JH. Effects of oxidative stress on endothelial function after a high-fat meal. Clin Sci 2004; 106(3): 315-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20030227] [PMID: 14561213]
[14]
Bloomer RJ, Kabir MM, Marshall KE, Canale RE, Farney TM. Postprandial oxidative stress in response to dextrose and lipid meals of differing size. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9(1): 79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-79] [PMID: 20663187]
[15]
O’Hara C, Ojo B, Emerson SR, et al. Acute freeze-dried mango consumption with a high-fat meal has minimal effects on postprandial metabolism, inflammation and antioxidant enzymes. Nutr Metab Insights 2019; 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178638819869946] [PMID: 31452602]
[16]
Le NA. Lipoprotein-associated oxidative stress: A new twist to the postprandial hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16(1): 401-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010401] [PMID: 25548897]
[17]
Mathieu P, Lemieux I, Després J-P. Obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87(4): 407-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2009.311] [PMID: 20200516]
[18]
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91(3): 502-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26285] [PMID: 20089734]
[19]
Moussa HA, Gardner MJ, Kurukulasuriya LR, Sowers JR. Dysglycemia/prediabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2009; 10(4): 202-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3909/ricm0474] [PMID: 20065930]
[20]
Robinson E, Grieve DJ. Significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122(3): 246-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.003] [PMID: 19318113]
[21]
Wang YX. PPARs: Diverse regulators in energy metabolism and metabolic diseases. Cell Res 2010; 20(2): 124-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2010.13] [PMID: 20101262]
[22]
Latruffe N, Vamecq J. Peroxisome proliferators and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) as regulators of lipid metabolism. Biochimie 1997; 79(2-3): 81-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(97)81496-4] [PMID: 9209701]
[23]
Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Luo Y, Xu P, Huang Z. PPAR-mediated toxicology and applied pharmacology. Cells 2020; 9(2): 352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9020352] [PMID: 32028670]
[24]
Lucas EA, Li W, Peterson SK, et al. Mango modulates body fat and plasma glucose and lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2011; 106(10): 1495-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002066] [PMID: 21733317]
[25]
National Mango Database. Indian status of mango: Area, production and productivity-growth pattern; National mango database. Available from: https://mangifera.res.in/ (Accessed on: September 6, 2020).
[26]
National mango database indian status of mango: Area, production and productivity-growth pattern; National mango database. Available from: https://mangifera.res.in/ (Accessed on: January 14, 2024).
[27]
Altendorf S. Major Tropical Fruits Market Review 2017. Rome: FAO 2019; p. 10.
[28]
Lebaka VR, Wee YJ, Ye W, Korivi M. Nutritional composition and bioactive compounds in three different parts of mango fruit. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18(2): 741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020741] [PMID: 33467139]
[29]
APEDA-Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. Products-Fresh Fruits and Vegetable: Mango. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Commerce and Government of India 2020; 2020.
[30]
Angel R, Chadha YR. The wealth of India. Raw materials. Kew Bull 1978; 32(4): 802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4109779]
[31]
Haque S, Akbar D, Kinnear S. The variable impacts of extreme weather events on fruit production in subtropical Australia. Sci Hortic 2020; 262: 109050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109050]
[32]
Rajan S. Phenological responses to temperature and rainfall: A case study of mango. In: National Agricultural. Bioversity International Office for South Asia 2012.
[33]
Olesen T. Late 20th century warming in a coastal horticultural region and its effects on tree phenology. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci 2011; 39(2): 119-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2010.550627]
[34]
Normand F, Lauri PE, Legave JM. Climate change and its probable effects on mango production and cultivation. Acta Hortic 2015; 1075(1075): 21-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1075.1]
[35]
Ayyaz S, Bonney L, Akmal N. Competitiveness in mango trade: A comparative analysis between pakistan and other mango exporting nations. Int J Food Agric Econ 2019; 7: 341-9.
[36]
FAOSTAT. FAO statistics. 2018. Available from: http://www.faostat.fao.org/ (Accessed on: January 14, 2024).
[37]
Badar H. Value chain performance improvement for sustainable mango industry development in Pakistan. PhD Thesis, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland 2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.430]
[38]
Sun X. A whole of supply chain approach to developing a new market for Pakistan mangoes: The case of China. III International Symposium on Improving the Performance of Supply Chains in the Transitional Economies Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2011. 4-8 July 2010;
[39]
Hamza A, Zahran N, Sawires S. Impact of substerilizing dose on histological changes in gonads and ovaries of Ephestia cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by gamma radiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1): 13265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17309-6] [PMID: 35918368]
[40]
Report of a Join WHO/FAO Expert Consultation Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization 2003.
[41]
Jash SK, Brahmachari G. Chemical profile and health benefits of fruit mango—an emerging functional food: An update. Benefits 2015; 2: 3.
[42]
Deshpande DJ. HandBook of Herbal Remedies. (2nd ed.), India Jodhpur: Agrobias 2011.
[43]
Parvez MGM. Pharmacological activities of mango (Mangifera indica): A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2016; 5(3): 1-7.
[44]
Paull RE. Crop Production Science in Horticulture. 2nd ed. CA B International 2010; 1: p. 252-29.
[45]
Fowomola MA. Some nutrients and antinutrients contents of mango. Seed Afr J Food Sci 2010; 4(8): 472-6.
[46]
Khandare MS. Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) is a medicinal and holy plant. J Med Plants Stud 2016; 4(4): 44-6.
[47]
Okwu DE, Ezenagu V. Evaluation of the phytochemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica Linn) stem bark and leaves. Int J Chem Sci 2005; 6(2): 705-16.
[48]
Samanta S, Chanda R, Reddy AG. Antidiabetic activity of mango (Mangifera indica): A review. MOJ Bioequiv Availab 2019; 6: 23-6.
[49]
Vithana MDK, Singh Z, Johnson SK. Harvest maturity stage affects the concentrations of health-promoting compounds: Lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of ripe ‘Kensington Pride’ mango fruit. Sci Hortic 2019; 243: 125-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.08.019]
[50]
Vithana MDK, Singh Z, Johnson SK. Regulation of the levels of health promoting compounds: Lupeol, mangiferin and phenolic acids in the pulp and peel of mango fruit: A review. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99(8): 3740-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9628] [PMID: 30723909]
[51]
APEDA-agricultural and processed food products export development authority. In: Products-Fresh Fruits and Vegetable. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Commerce and Government of India 2020; 2020.
[52]
Celis MME, Yahia EM, Bedoya R, et al. Chemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit: Nutritional and phytochemical compounds. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10: 1073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01073] [PMID: 31681339]
[53]
Dar MS, Oak P, Chidley H, Deshpande A, Giri A, Gupta V. Nutrient and flavor content of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars: An appurtenance to the list of staple foods. In: Nutritional Composition of Fruit Cultivars. Elsevier 2016; pp. 445-67.
[54]
US Department of Agriculture. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Available from: https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb
[55]
Vallarino JG, Chapter OS. 10. Organic acids. In: Yahia E, Carrillo-López A, Eds. Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables. Elsevier 2019; pp. 207-24.
[56]
Robineau L, Soejarto DD. TRAMIL: A research project on the medicinal plant resources of the caribbean. Med Resour Trop Biodivers Importance Hum Health 1996; 1: 317-25.
[57]
Carlos PH, Yahia EM, Aguilar GGA. Identification and quantification of major phenolic compounds from mango (Mangifera indica, Cv. Ataulfo) fruit by HPLC–DAD–MS/MS-ESI and their individual contribution to the antioxidant activity during ripening. Food Chem 2012; 135(1): 105-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.103] [PMID: 23017399]
[58]
Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – a review. J Funct Foods 2015; 18: 820-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018]
[59]
Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. A review on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017; 2017: 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6949835] [PMID: 29456572]
[60]
Choo WS. Fruit Pigment Changes During Ripening. Elsevier 2019; pp. 1-7.
[61]
Varakumar S, Kumar YS, Reddy OVS. Carotenoid composition of mango (Mangifera indica L.) wine and its antioxidant activity. J Food Biochem 2011; 35(5): 1538-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00476.x]
[62]
Acevedo LM, Raya AI, Moreno MJM, Tejero AE, Rivero JLL. Mangiferin protects against adverse skeletal muscle changes and enhances muscle oxidative capacity in obese rats. PLoS One 2017; 12(3): e0173028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173028] [PMID: 28253314]
[63]
Acosta J, Sevilla I, Salomon S, Nuevas L, Romero A, Amaro D. Determination of magniferin solubility in solvents used in the biopharmaceutical university. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2016; 4(2): 49-53.
[64]
Imran M, Arshad MS, Butt MS, Kwon JH, Arshad MU, Sultan MT. Mangiferin: A natural miracle bioactive compound against lifestyle related disorders. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16(1): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0449-y] [PMID: 28464819]
[65]
Mango. Available from: https://www.ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/nutrients/
[66]
Oboh G, Ademosun AO, Akinleye M, Omojokun OS, Boligon AA, Athayde ML. Starch composition, glycemic indices, phenolic constituents, and antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of some common tropical fruits. J Ethn Foods 2015; 2(2): 64-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2015.05.003]
[67]
Masibo M, He Q. Major mango polyphenols and their potential significance to human health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008; 7(4): 309-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00047.x] [PMID: 33467788]
[68]
Kalra B, Gupta L, Khandelwal D, Choubey N. Mango and diabetes. J Soc Health Diabetes 2018; 6(01): 056-8.
[69]
Ajila CM, Rao PUJS. Mango peel dietary fibre: Composition and associated bound phenolics. J Funct Foods 2013; 5(1): 444-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.11.017]
[70]
Singh D, Mishra M, Gupta M, Singh P, Gupta A, Nema R. Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay of bioactive compounds present in methanol extract of centella asiatica. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2012; 2(3): 42-4.
[71]
Carlos PH, Yahia E, Osuna IMA, Martinez GP, Sánchez RM, Aguilar GGA. Effect of ripeness stage of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L., cv. Ataulfo) on physiological parameters and antioxidant activity. Sci Hortic 2012; 135: 7-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.11.027]
[72]
Jacobi KK, MacRae EA, Hetherington SE. Effects of hot air conditioning of ‘Kensington’ mango fruit on the response to hot water treatment. Postharvest Biol Technol 2000; 21(1): 39-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00163-0]
[73]
Ochoa FÁ, Camacho CR, Linares BI, Avila DJA, Carretero SA, Aguilar GGA. Evaluation of metabolic changes in liver and serum of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after Mango diet supplementation. J Funct Foods 2020; 64: 103695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.103695]
[74]
Prabhu S, Jainu M, Sabitha KE, Devi CSS. Role of mangiferin on biochemical alterations and antioxidant status in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107(1): 126-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.02.014] [PMID: 16584858]
[75]
Ridker PM. From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1. Circ Res 2016; 118(1): 145-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656] [PMID: 26837745]
[76]
Bassuk SS, Rifai N, Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Curr Probl Cardiol 2004; 29(8): 439-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2004.03.004] [PMID: 15258556]
[77]
Derosa G, Ferrari I, D’Angelo A, et al. Oral fat load effects on inflammation and endothelial stress markers in healthy subjects. Heart Vessels 2009; 24(3): 204-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00380-008-1109-y] [PMID: 19466522]
[78]
Dekker MJ, Wright AJ, Mazurak VC, et al. Fasting triacylglycerol status, but not polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio, influences the postprandial response to a series of oral fat tolerance tests. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20(9): 694-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.06.012] [PMID: 18829281]
[79]
Natal DIG, Rodrigues KCC, Moreira MEC, et al. Bioactive compounds of the Ubá mango juices decrease inflammation and hepatic steatosis in obese Wistar rats. J Funct Foods 2017; 32: 409-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.023]
[80]
Kaur J, Rathinam X, Kasi M, et al. Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango (Mangifera indica L: Anacardiaceae) seed kernel. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2010; 3(9): 707-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60170-8]
[81]
Guerra JFC, Maciel PS, de Abreu ICME, et al. Dietary açai attenuates hepatic steatosis via adiponectin-mediated effects on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet mice. J Funct Foods 2015; 14: 192-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.025]
[82]
Emamat H, Noori M, Foroughi F, Rismanchi M, Zinab EH, Hekmatdoost A. An accessible and pragmatic experimental model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Middle East J Dig Dis 2016; 8(2): 109-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/mejdd.2016.15] [PMID: 27252817]
[83]
Lim J, Liu Z, Apontes P, et al. Dual mode action of mangiferin in mouse liver under high fat diet. PLoS One 2014; 9(3): e90137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090137] [PMID: 24598864]
[84]
Pan MH, Lai CS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. Chemoprevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by dietary natural compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58(1): 147-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300522] [PMID: 24302567]
[85]
Pino JA, Mesa J, Muñoz Y, Martí MP, Marbot R. Volatile components from mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53(6): 2213-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0402633] [PMID: 15769159]
[86]
Chiou A, Karathanos V, Mylona A, Salta F, Preventi F, Andrikopoulos N. Currants (Vitis vinifera L.) content of simple phenolics and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2007; 102(2): 516-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.009]
[87]
Fang C, Kim H, Barnes R, Talcott ST, Talcott MSU. Daily mango (Mangifera indica L.) consumption for 42 days differentially modulates metabolism and inflammation in lean and obese individuals. FASEB J 2017; 31(1): 431-3.
[88]
Montemayor EL, Brenes HC, Parra RPA, et al. High hydrostatic pressure processing reduces the glycemic index of fresh mango puree in healthy subjects. Food Funct 2015; 6(4): 1352-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4FO01005A] [PMID: 25797308]
[89]
Patnaik R. Mango leaves in treating diabetes: A strategic study. Int J Innov Res Dev 2014; 3(12): 432-41.
[90]
Azhar A, Aamir K, Asad F, Kazi HA, Farooqui MU. Therapeutic effect of mango seed extract in diabetes mellitus. Prof Med J 2019; 26(9): 1551-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2019.26.09.4023]
[91]
Mujawdiya PK. Mangiferin: A potential natural molecule for management of metabolic syndrome. Int J Pharma Sci 2015; 7(1): 5.
[92]
Iwai K, Kim MY, Onodera A, Matsue H. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54(13): 4588-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0606353] [PMID: 16787002]
[93]
Gondi M, Basha SA, Bhaskar JJ, Salimath PV, Rao PUJS. Anti-diabetic effect of dietary mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95(5): 991-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6778] [PMID: 24917522]
[94]
Ajila CM, Rao PUJS. Protection against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes by Mangifera indica L. peel extract. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(1): 303-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.024] [PMID: 17919803]
[95]
González RS, Ruíz GIM, Ramírez PIF, Mora O, Gomez RM, Camacho R. Mechanisms related to the anti-diabetic properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.) juice by-product. J Funct Foods 2017; 37: 190-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.058]
[96]
Govers R. Molecular mechanisms of GLUT4 regulation in adipocytes. Diabetes Metab 2014; 40(6): 400-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2014.01.005] [PMID: 24656589]
[97]
Cruz ADM, González RS, Ramírez PIF, et al. Juice by-products as a source of dietary fibre and antioxidants and their effect on hepatic steatosis. J Funct Foods 2015; 17: 93-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.051]
[98]
Ha Y, Lee M, Kwon HO, Lee YH. Effect of african mango (Irvingia gabonesis, IGOB 13 TM) extract on glucose regulation in STZ-induced diabetes. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 2015; 44(11): 1607-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2015.44.11.1607]