Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Author(s): Sourav Ghosh*, Arvind Kumar, Neetu Sachan and Phool Chandra

DOI: 10.2174/1573401316666200316120944

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Re-exploring an Epicentre Spice with Immense Therapeutic Potentials: Black Pepper (Piper nigrum)

Page: [1326 - 1337] Pages: 12

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Spices are mostly used as additives in food regularly to enhance the taste and flavour. From ancient times, the plant of Piperaceae family contributes a large variety of species to the spices section, from which Piper nigrum is one of the widely used spices worldwide in culinary and as a medicinal agent. Piper nigrum is known as the king of spice due to its impactful constituent ‘piperine’.

Objective: To report a comprehensive view on the botanical description, traditional and culinary use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicology of P. nigrum.

Methods: Literature searches were carried out in various databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research literature about traditional and culinary use, biologically active compounds and distinctive pharmacological activities along with toxicology of P. nigrum.

Results: The main outcomes from the search are the bioactive compounds responsible for various pharmacological activities, such as alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. Apart from its traditional uses, it is accounted for the treatment of numerous diseases worldwide. Pharmacologically, the plant has been investigated for antioxidant, antimicrobial, digestive, antidiarrheal, anticancer, neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antithyroid and antiasthmatic activities. Black pepper showed no toxic effect up to 250 times more than their usual amount.

Conclusion: The overall review suggests that P. nigrum is not just a commonly utilized spice but also at the same time utilized as a traditional plant with immense therapeutic potentials. The review also suggests that limited work has been reported on the neuropharmacological activity of P. nigrum. So, scientific evaluation of its neuroprotective effect can be a thrust area for the research.

Keywords: Culinary use, pharmacological activity, phytochemistry, Piper nigrum, toxicity study, traditional use.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Costa DC, Costa HS, Albuquerque TG, Ramos F, Castilho MC, Sanches-Silva A. Advances in phenolic compounds analysis of aromatic plants and their potential applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015; 45(2): 336-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.009]
[2]
Lange D. Europe’s medicinal and aromatic plants: their use, trade and conservation. United Kingdom: Traffic International 1998; pp. 10-65.
[3]
Ribeiro-Santos R, Carvalho-Costa D, Cavaleiro C, et al. A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Trends Food Sci Technol 2015; 45(2): 355-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.015]
[4]
Daly T, Jiwan MA, O’Brien NM, Aherne SA. Carotenoid content of commonly consumed herbs and assessment of their bioaccessibility using an in vitro digestion model. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2010; 65(2): 164-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-010-0167-3] [PMID: 20443063]
[5]
Mandal S, Saha K, Pal NK. DebMandal M, Saha K, Pal NK. In vitro antibacterial activity of three Indian spices against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Oman Med J 2011; 26(5): 319-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2011.80] [PMID: 22125725]
[6]
Barceloux DG. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum species) In medical toxicology of natural Substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, toxic plants, and venomous animals. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons 2008; pp. 39-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470330319.ch4]
[7]
Sofowora A, Ogunbodede E, Onayade A. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2013; 10(5): 210-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2] [PMID: 24311829]
[8]
Rahman MA, Mossa JS, Al-Said MS, Al-Yahya MA. Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: a report on seven plant families. Fitoterapia 2004; 75(2): 149-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.012] [PMID: 15030919]
[9]
Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar AA, Nunes XP, et al. Sources of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-and epsilon-carotenes: a twentieth century review. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2008; 18(1): 135-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2008000100023]
[10]
Takooree H, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KR, et al. A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59(supp 1): S210-43.
[11]
Darshan S, Doreswamy R. Patented antiinflammatory plant drug development from traditional medicine. Phytother Res 2004; 18(5): 343-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1475] [PMID: 15173991]
[12]
Bai YF, Xu H. Protective action of piperine against experimental gastric ulcer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2000; 21(4): 357-9.
[PMID: 11324467]
[13]
Ravindran PN, Kallupurackal JA. Black pepperHandbook of herbs and spices. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Woodhead Publishing 2012; pp. 86-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095671.86]
[14]
Hao CY, Rui FA, Ribeiro MC, et al. Modeling the potential geographic distribution of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Asia using GIS tools. J Integr Agric 2012; 11(4): 593-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60046-X]
[15]
Hussain MD, Hegde L, Goudar SA, Hegde NK. Evaluation of local black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Genotypes for yield and quality under Arecanut based cropping system. Int J Pure Appl Biosci 2017; 5: 1396-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5809]
[16]
Sim SL. Origin, distribution and botany of pepper (Piper nigrum L.). National Conference on Pepper in Malaysia; 16-17 Dec 1985, Kuching, Sarawak (Malaysia): Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 1986.
[17]
Gottardi D, Bukvicki D, Prasad S, Tyagi AK. Beneficial effects of spices in food preservation and safety. Front Microbiol 2016; 7: 1394.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01394] [PMID: 27708620]
[18]
Gutierrez RM, Gonzalez AM, Hoyo-Vadillo C. Alkaloids from piper: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13(2): 163-93.
[PMID: 23279257]
[19]
Pruthi JS. Major spices of India: crop management and post-harvest technology. New Delhi: ICAR 1993.
[20]
Ravindran PA. Black pepper, (Piper nigrum) Medicinal and aromatic plants-industrial profiles. Phytochemistry 2000; 58: 827-9.
[21]
Sharon MH. Herb-drug interaction handbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Church Street Books 2002.
[22]
Jiang H. Modern tools to study traditional medicinal plants: Ginger and turmeric 2005. Available from: https://repository.arizona. edu/handle/10150/193562?show=full
[23]
Sivakumar V, Sivakumar S. Effect of an indigenous herbal compound preparation ‘Trikatu’ on the lipid profiles of atherogenic diet and standard diet fed Rattus norvegicus. Phytother Res 2004; 18(12): 976-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1586] [PMID: 15742354]
[24]
Bandoni A. Los recursos vegetales aromáticos en Latinoamérica. Argentina: Editorial Universidad Nacional de la Plata 2000.
[25]
Parthipan M, Aravindhan V, Rajendran A. Medico-botanical study of Yercaud hills in the eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Anc Sci Life 2011; 30(4): 104-9.
[PMID: 22557438]
[26]
Agra MD, Silva KN, Basílio IJ, Freitas PF, Barbosa-Filho JM. Survey of medicinal plants used in the region northeast of Brazil. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2008; 18(3): 472-508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2008000300023]
[27]
Sasidharan I, Menon AN. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of berry and leaf essential oils of Piper nigrum L. Int J Biol Med Res 2010; 1: 215-8.
[28]
Liu J, Bi Y, Luo R, Wu X. Simultaneous UFLC-ESI-MS/MS determination of piperine and piperlonguminine in rat plasma after oral administration of alkaloids from Piper longum L.: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879(27): 2885-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.018] [PMID: 21903488]
[29]
Sen SK, Behera LM. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the tribals of Bargarh district to cure diarrhoea and dysentery. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2008; 7(3): 425-8.
[30]
Shah A, Rahim S. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants for the treatment of malaria in Soon Valley, Khushab, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 200: 84-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.005] [PMID: 28192202]
[31]
Neamsuvan O, Madeebing N, Mah L, Lateh W. A survey of medicinal plants for diabetes treating from Chana and Nathawee district, Songkhla province, Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 174: 82-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.050] [PMID: 26256315]
[32]
Abe R, Ohtani K. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and traditional therapies on Batan Island, the Philippines. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 145(2): 554-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.029] [PMID: 23183086]
[33]
Nahak G, Sahu RK. Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activity of Piper cubeba and Piper nigrum. J Appl Pharm Sci 2011; 1(8): 153-7.
[34]
Jagella T, Grosch W. Flavour and off-flavour compounds of black and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Evaluation of potent odorants of black pepper by dilution and concentration techniques. Eur Food Res Technol 1999; 209(1): 16-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050449]
[35]
Pino J, Rodriguez‐Feo G, Borges P, Rosado A. Chemical and sensory properties of black pepper oil (Piper nigrum L.). Food/Nahrung 1990; 34(6): 555-60.
[36]
Singh S, Kapoor IP, Singh G, Schuff C, De Lampasona MP, Catalan CA. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil and oleoresins. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect B Biol Sci 2013; 83: 357-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0148-4]
[37]
Gorgani L, Mohammadi M, Najafpour GD, Nikzad M. Piperine-the bioactive compound of black pepper: from isolation to medicinal formulations. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16(1): 124-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12246]
[38]
Singh G, Marimuthu P, Catalan C, DeLampasona MP. Chemical, antioxidant and antifungal activities of volatile oil of black pepper and its acetone extract. J Sci Food Agric 2004; 84(14): 1878-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1863]
[39]
Evans WC. Trease and Evans pharmacognosy. 14th ed. London, UK: W. B. Saunders 1997; pp. 363-4.
[40]
Kapoor IP, Singh B, Singh G, De Heluani CS, De Lampasona MP, Catalan CA. Chemistry and in vitro antioxidant activity of volatile oil and oleoresins of black pepper (Piper nigrum). J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57(12): 5358-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf900642x] [PMID: 19456163]
[41]
Siddiqui BS, Gulzar T, Mahmood A, Begum S, Khan B, Afshan F. New insecticidal amides from petroleum ether extract of dried Piper nigrum L. whole fruits. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52(11): 1349-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.1349] [PMID: 15516761]
[42]
Gülçin I. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2005; 56(7): 491-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637480500450248] [PMID: 16503560]
[43]
Singh R, Singh N, Saini BS, Rao HS. In vitro antioxidant activity of pet ether extract of black pepper. Indian J Pharmacol 2008; 40(4): 147-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.43160] [PMID: 20040947]
[44]
Shanmugapriya K, Saravana PS, Payal H, Mohammed SP, Williams B. Antioxidant potential of pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) leaves and its antimicrobial potential against some pathogenic microbes. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2012; 3: 570-7.
[45]
Chatterjee S, Niaz Z, Gautam S, Adhikari S, Variyar PS, Sharma A. Antioxidant activity of some phenolic constituents from green pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and fresh nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans). Food Chem 2007; 101(2): 515-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.008]
[46]
Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N. Efficacy of piperine, an alkaloidal constituent from Piper nigrum on erythrocyte antioxidant status in high fat diet and antithyroid drug induced hyperlipidaemic rats 2006.
[47]
Spaulding CN, Klein RD, Schreiber HL IV, Janetka JW, Hultgren SJ. Precision antimicrobial therapeutics: the path of least resistance. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4(1): 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41522-018-0048-3] [PMID: 29507749]
[48]
Khan AU, Ali S, Rehman AU, et al. Antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa and Piper nigrum. Asian Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 2013; 2(4): 173-9.
[49]
Gupta N, Parashar P, Mittal M, Mehra V, Khatri M. Antibacterial potential of Elletaria cardamomum, Syzygium aromaticum and Piper nigrum, their synergistic effects and phytochemical determination. J Pharm Res 2014; 8(8): 1091-7.
[50]
Paulkumar K, Gnanajobitha G, Vanaja M, et al. Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens 2014.
[51]
Zarai Z, Boujelbene E, Salem NB, Gargouri Y, Sayari A. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts, piperine and piperic acid from Piper nigrum. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013; 50(2): 634-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.07.036]
[52]
Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: A review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 47(8): 735-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390601062054] [PMID: 17987447]
[53]
Kang MJ, Cho JY, Shim BH, Kim DK, Lee J. Bioavailability enhancing activities of natural compounds from medicinal plants. J Med Plants Res 2009; 3(13): 1204-11.
[54]
Awen BZ, Ganapaty S, Chandu BR, Prakash K, Murthy TE, Ramalingam P. Influence of Sapindus mukorossi on the permeability of ethylcellulose free films for transdermal use. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2010; 1(2): 35-8.
[55]
Singh A, Duggal S. Piperine-review of advances in pharmacology. Inter J Pharma Sci Nanotech 2009; 2(3): 615-20.
[56]
Anto RJ, Mukhopadhyay A, Denning K, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8, BID cleavage and cytochrome c release: its suppression by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23(1): 143-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/23.1.143] [PMID: 11756235]
[57]
Zhou S, Gao Y, Jiang W, Huang M, Xu A, Paxton JW. Interactions of herbs with cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Rev 2003; 35(1): 35-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DMR-120018248] [PMID: 12635815]
[58]
Fleischauer AT, Poole C, Arab L. Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: Meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(4): 1047-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.4.1047] [PMID: 11010950]
[59]
Sloan AE. Top 10 global food trends. Food Technol 2005; 59(4): 20-32.
[60]
Ee GC, Lim CM, Lim CK, Rahmani M, Shaari K, Bong CF. Alkaloids from Piper sarmentosum and Piper nigrum. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23(15): 1416-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410902757998] [PMID: 19809914]
[61]
Sriwiriyajan S, Ninpesh T, Sukpondma Y, Nasomyon T, Graidist P. Cytotoxicity screening of plants of genus piper in breast cancer cell lines. Trop J Pharm Res 2014; 13(6): 921-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v13i6.14]
[62]
Sriwiriyajan S, Sukpondma Y, Srisawat T, Madla S, Graidist P. (-)-Kusunokinin and piperloguminine from Piper nigrum: an alternative option to treat breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92: 732-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.130] [PMID: 28586745]
[63]
Do MT, Kim HG, Choi JH, et al. Antitumor efficacy of piperine in the treatment of human HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells Food Chem 2013; 141(3): 2591-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.125] [PMID: 23870999]
[64]
Ouyang DY, Zeng LH, Pan H, et al. Piperine inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer cells via induction of cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60: 424-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.007] [PMID: 23939040]
[65]
Wattanathorn J, Chonpathompikunlert P, Muchimapura S, Priprem A, Tankamnerdthai O. Piperine, the potential functional food for mood and cognitive disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(9): 3106-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.014] [PMID: 18639606]
[66]
Hritcu L, Noumedem JA, Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Kuete V, Mihasan M. Methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits improves memory impairment by decreasing brain oxidative stress in amyloid beta(1-42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34(3): 437-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-014-0028-y] [PMID: 24442916]
[67]
Hritcu L, Noumedem JA, Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Postu P, Mihasan M. Anxiolytic and antidepressant profile of the methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in beta-amyloid (1-42) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11(1): 13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12993-015-0059-7] [PMID: 25880991]
[68]
Hanumanthachar J, Miland P. Effects of piperine on memory and behaviour mediated via mono amine neurotransmitters. J Trad Med 2005; 22: 39-43.
[69]
Lee SA, Hong SS, Han XH, et al. Piperine from the fruits of Piper longum with inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidase and antidepressant-like activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53(7): 832-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.53.832] [PMID: 15997146]
[70]
Li S, Wang C, Wang M, Li W, Matsumoto K, Tang Y. Antidepressant like effects of piperine in chronic mild stress treated mice and its possible mechanisms. Life Sci 2007; 80(15): 1373-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.027] [PMID: 17289085]
[71]
Hu Y, Liao HB, Liu P, Guo DH, Wang YY. Antidepressant effects of piperine and its neuroprotective mechanism in rats. J Chin Integr Med 2009; 7(7): 667-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20090712] [PMID: 19615322]
[72]
Chonpathompikunlert P, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S. Piperine, the main alkaloid of Thai black pepper, protects against neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in animal model of cognitive deficit like condition of Alzheimer’s disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48(3): 798-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.009] [PMID: 20034530]
[73]
Naseri MK, Yahyavi H. Antispasmodic effect of Piper nigrum fruit hot water extract on rat ileum. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11(11): 1492-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1492.1496] [PMID: 18817253]
[74]
Kong LD, Cheng CH, Tan RX. Inhibition of MAO A and B by some plant-derived alkaloids, phenols and anthraquinones. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 91(2-3): 351-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.013] [PMID: 15120460]
[75]
Edmondson DE, Binda C, Mattevi A. Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464(2): 269-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.006] [PMID: 17573034]
[76]
Belemkar S, Kumar A, Pata MK. Pharmacological screening of herbal extract of Piper nigrum (Maricha) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Dalchini) for anticonvulsant activity. Ethnopharmacology 2013; 2(2): 1-5.
[77]
Kaleem M, Sheema SH, Sarmad H, Bano B. Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 49(1): 65-71.
[PMID: 15881860]
[78]
Onyesife CO, Ogugua VN, Anaduaka EG. Hypoglycemic potentials of ethanol leaves extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ann Biol Res 2014; 5(6): 26-31.
[79]
Gupta S, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Evaluation of in vitro aldose reductase inhibitory potential of alkaloidal fractions of Piper nigrum, Murraya koenigii, Argemone mexicana, and Nelumbo nucifera. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 25(2): 255-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0071] [PMID: 24127538]
[80]
Tu Y, Sun D, Zeng X, et al. Piperine potentiates the hypocholesterolemic effect of curcumin in rats fed on a high fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8(1): 260-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1717] [PMID: 24944632]
[81]
Tasleem F, Azhar I, Ali SN, Perveen S, Mahmood ZA. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper nigrum L. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 2014; 7: 461-8.
[82]
Mujumdar AM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh VK, Raman PH, Naik SR. Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1990; 43(3): 95-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken1952.43.95] [PMID: 2283727]
[83]
Jeena K, Liju VB, Umadevi NP, Kuttan R. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of black pepper essential oil (Piper nigrum Linn). J Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2014; 17(1): 1-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.831562]
[84]
Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T, Yasuda D, Yamaguchi I, Yoshikawa M. Protective effects of amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba on d-galactosamine/TNF-α-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18(6): 2038-42.
[85]
Taqvi SI, Shah AJ, Gilani AH. Blood pressure lowering and vasomodulator effects of piperine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52(5): 452-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e31818d07c0] [PMID: 19033825]
[86]
Panda S, Kar A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice. Horm Metab Res 2003; 35(9): 523-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42652] [PMID: 14517767]
[87]
Ahmad N, Fazal H, Abbasi BH, Rashid M, Mahmood T, Fatima N. Efficient regeneration and antioxidant potential in regenerated tissues of Piper nigrum L. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 2010; 102(1): 129-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9712-x]
[88]
Abbasi BH, Ahmad N, Fazal H, Mahmood T. Conventional and modern propagation techniques in Piper nigrum. J Med Plants Res 2010; 4(1): 7-12.
[89]
Kim SH, Lee YC. Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 61(3): 353-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.03.0010] [PMID: 19222908]
[90]
Srinivasan MR, Satyanarayana MN. Effect of black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) and piperine on growth, blood constituents and organ weights in rats. Nutr Rep Int 1981; 23: 871-6.
[91]
Bhat GB, Chandrasekhara N. Lack of adverse influence of black pepper, its oleoresin and piperine in the weanling rat. J Food Saf 1986; 7(4): 215-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1986.tb00543.x]
[92]
Karekar VR, Mujumdar AM, Joshi SS, Dhuley J, Shinde SL, Ghaskadbi S. Assessment of genotoxic effect of piperine using Salmonella typhimurium and somatic and somatic and germ cells of Swiss albino mice. Arzneimittelforschung 1996; 46(10): 972-5.
[PMID: 8931891]
[93]
Dogra RK, Khanna S, Shanker R. Immunotoxicological effects of piperine in mice. Toxicology 2004; 196(3): 229-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2003.10.006] [PMID: 15036749]
[94]
Piyachaturawat P, Pholpramool C. Enhancement of fertilization by piperine in hamsters. Cell Biol Int 1997; 21(7): 405-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbir.1997.0167] [PMID: 9313340]
[95]
Malini T, Manimaran RR, Arunakaran J, Aruldhas MM, Govindarajulu P. Effects of piperine on testis of albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 64(3): 219-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00128-7] [PMID: 10363836]
[96]
Daware MB, Mujumdar AM, Ghaskadbi S. Reproductive toxicity of piperine in Swiss albino mice. Planta Med 2000; 66(3): 231-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8560] [PMID: 10821048]