Impact of Hydration on Exercise Performance and Physiological Responses

Page: [1346 - 1352] Pages: 7

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Introduction: Studies have shown the importance of hydration in maintaining the physical performance and physiological responses of athletes. Therefore, the objective of this review was to provide data on the impact of hydration on physical performance and physiological responses during sports practice.

Methods: We performed a search of articles published in selected PubMed and ScienceDirect databases from March 2018 to May 2019 using the keywords “hydration”, “dehydration”, “physical performance”, “thermoregulation”, and “hydroelectrolytic repositors”.

Results: The scientific data presented in this review show the importance of hydration in maintaining heart rate, maximum oxygen volume (VO2MAX), and the physical performance of athletes. Besides, our results show that when properly performed, hydration can help athletes avoid hyponatremia, fatigue, and quitting due to perceived exertion more quickly.

Conclusion: Proper hydration during exercise helps achieve satisfactory physical performance and prevents health-related problems.

Keywords: Heart rate, hydration, hydroelectrolytic repositors, isotonic, physical performance, thermoregulation.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Nelson KM, Boyko EJ, Koepsell T. All-cause mortality risk among a national sample of individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(11): 2360-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0846] [PMID: 20739687]
[2]
Casa DJ, Stearns RL, Lopez RM, et al. Influence of hydration on physiological function and performance during trail running in the heat. J Athl Train 2010; 45(2): 147-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.2.147] [PMID: 20210618]
[3]
Taylor L, Watkins SL, Marshall H, Dascombe BJ, Foster J. The impact of different environmental conditions on cognitive function: a focused review. Front Physiol 2016; 6: 372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00372] [PMID: 26779029]
[4]
Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(2): 377-90.
[PMID: 17277604]
[5]
Schleh MW, Dumke CL. Comparison of sports drink versus oral rehydration solution during exercise in the heat. Wilderness Environ Med 2018; 29(2): 185-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2018.01.005] [PMID: 29548770]
[6]
Goulet ED. Effect of exercise-induced dehydration on endurance performance: evaluating the impact of exercise protocols on outcomes using a meta-analytic procedure. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47(11): 679-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-090958] [PMID: 22763119]
[7]
Pereira ER, de Andrade MT, Mendes TT, et al. Evaluation of hydration status by urine, body mass variation and plasma parameters during an official half-marathon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 57(11): 1499-503.
[PMID: 28085125]
[8]
Bulhões CDB, Tavares HC, Vasconselos PAP, Rodrigues EMC, Santos AKM, Anjos ACS, et al. Exercício físico e hidratação na melhora da performance: uma revisão integrativa Revista e-ciência 2018; 6(2): 101-7.
[9]
Hausen MR, Cordeiro RG, Guttierres APM. Aspectos relevantes sobre a hidratação no esporte e na atividade física. Revista HUPE 2013; 12(4): 47-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rhupe.2013.8712]
[10]
Bortolotti H, Altimari LR, Vitor-Costa M, Cyrino S. Carbohydrate mouth rinse: an ergogenic aid able of optimizing the performance. Braz J Kinanthropom Hum Perform 2011; 13(2): 158-61.
[11]
Maia EC, Costa HÁ, Filha JGLC, Junior MNS. Estado de hidratação de atletas em corrida de rua de 15 km sob elevado estresse térmico. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2015; 21(3): 187-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922015210302035]
[12]
Baert J, Van Biervliet S, Van Biervliet JP, et al. Influence of physical activity on hydration state in children with obesity before and after a weight loss program. Acta Clin Belg 2019; 74(4): 236-41.
[PMID: 30029582]
[13]
Siqueira LO, Bortoluzzi J, Zanin F, Savi S, Deliberal AP, Canal PC, et al. Análise da suplementação de carboidratos e solução isotônica sobre parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de jogadores profissionais de futebol em condições reais de treinamento. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2012; 34(4): 999-1016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892012000400014]
[14]
O’Neal EK, Johnson SL, Davis BA, Pribyslavska V, Stevenson-Wilcoxson MC. Urine specific gravity as practical marker for identifying suboptimal fluid intake of runners ~12hr postexercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 27: 1-7.
[PMID: 29757055]
[15]
Berkulo MAR, Bol S, Levels K, Lamberts RP, Daanen HAM, Noakes TD. Ad-libitum drinking and performance during a 40-km cycling time trial in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16(2): 213-0.
[16]
Armstrong LE. Assessing hydration status: the elusive gold standard. J Am Coll Nutr 2007; 26(5)(Suppl.): 575S-84S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2007.10719661 ] [PMID: 17921468]
[17]
Barbosa AR, Sztajnbok J. Distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos - fluid and electrolyte disorders. J Pediatr (Rio J) 1999; 75: 223-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/JPED.392]
[18]
Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32(1): 71-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20999] [PMID: 20336685]
[19]
Sécher M, Ritz P. Hydration and cognitive performance. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16(4): 325-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0033-0] [PMID: 22499450]
[20]
Fortes LS, Nascimento-Júnior JRA, Mortatti AL, Lima-Júnior DRAA, Ferreira MEC. Effect of dehydration on passing decision making in soccer athletes. Res Q Exerc Sport 2018; 89(3): 332-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1488026 ] [PMID: 30015580]
[21]
Maughan RJ, Meyer NL. Hydration during intense exercise training. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser 2013; 76: 25-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000350225] [PMID: 23899752]
[22]
Logan-Sprenger HM, Heigenhauser GJ, Jones GL, Spriet LL. The effect of dehydration on muscle metabolism and time trial performance during prolonged cycling in males. Physiol Rep 2015; 3(8): 1-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12483] [PMID: 26296770]
[23]
Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN. Physiological adjustments to hypohydration: impact on thermoregulation. Auton Neurosci 2016; 196: 47-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.003] [PMID: 26944095]
[24]
Hoffman MD, Stellingwerff T, Costa RJS. Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: Part 2 - hydration. Res Sports Med 2019; 27(2): 182-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1502189 ] [PMID: 30056755]
[25]
Edwards AM, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, Rankin DM, Noakes TD, Shillington DP. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41(6): 385-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860] [PMID: 17272311]
[26]
Sawka MN, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW. hypohydration and human performance: impact of environment and physiological mechanisms. Sports Med 2015; 45(1)(Suppl. 1): S51-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0395-7] [PMID: 26553489]
[27]
Savoie FA, Kenefick RW, Ely BR, Cheuvront SN, Goulet ED. Effect of hypohydration on muscle endurance, strength, anaerobic power and capacity and vertical jumping ability: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45(8): 1207-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0349-0] [PMID: 26178327]
[28]
Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Palombo LJ, Ely BR, Sawka MN. Skin temperature modifies the impact of hypohydration on aerobic performance. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109(1): 79-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2010 ] [PMID: 20378704]
[29]
Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ. Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: implications for exercise prescription. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012; 40(2): 88-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e31824c43af] [PMID: 22410803]
[30]
Hernandez AJ, Nahas RM. Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, suplementos alimentares e drogas: comprovação de ação ergogênica e potenciais riscos para a saúde. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2009; 15(3): 3-12.
[31]
Ganio MS, Wingo JE, Carrolll CE, Thomas MK, Cureton KJ. Fluid ingestion attenuates the decline in VO2peak associated with cardiovascular drift. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38(5): 901-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000218127.14107.08 ] [PMID: 16672844]
[32]
Lafrenz AJ, Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ. Effect of ambient temperature on cardiovascular drift and maximal oxygen uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40(6): 1065-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181666ed7 ] [PMID: 18461000]
[33]
Vescovi JD, Watson G. Variability of body mass and urine specific gravity in elite male field hockey players during a pre-olympic training camp. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 26: 1-5.
[PMID: 29893591]
[34]
Von Duvillard SP, Braun WA, Markofski M, Beneke R, Leithäuser R. Fluids and hydration in prolonged endurance performance. Nutrition 2004; 20(7-8): 651-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.011] [PMID: 15212747]
[35]
Rehrer NJ. Fluid and electrolyte balance in ultra-endurance sport. Sports Med 2001; 31(10): 701-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131100-00001 ] [PMID: 11547892]
[36]
Vanderlei FM, Moreno IL, Vanderlei LCM, Pastre CM, de Abreu LC, Ferreira C. Comparison of the effects of hydration with water or isotonic solution on the recovery of cardiac autonomic modulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2015; 25(2): 145-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0004] [PMID: 25029557]
[37]
Laitano O, Trangmar SJ, Marins DM, Menezes ES, Reis GS. Improved exercise capacity in the heat followed by coconut water consumption. Motriz 2014; 20(1): 107-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742014000100016]
[38]
Meyer F, Perrone CA. Hidratação Pós-Exercício – Recomendações e Fundamentação Científica. R Bras Ci e Mov 2004; 12(2): 87-90.
[39]
Cruz MAE, Cabral CAC, Marins JCB. Nível de Conhecimento e Hábitos de Hidratação dos Atletas de Mountain Bike. Fit Perfor J 2009; 8(2): 79-89.
[40]
Esteves AA, Nunes WC. Perfil do Padrão da Ingestão de Líquidos e Verificação da Adequação do Nível de Hidratação em Praticantes da Aula de Spinning em Duas Academias do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Bras Nutr Esporte 2007; 1(2): 61-75.
[41]
Oliveira KK, Gontigo Júnior H, Carmo JP, Navarro AC. Comportamento Glicêmico Antes e Após Aula de Jump com Hidratação de Água e Água mais Açúcar e Sal. Rev Bras Prescr Fisiol Exerc 2008; 2(10): 415-9.
[42]
Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, et al. National athletic trainers’ association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Train 2000; 35(2): 212-24.
[PMID: 16558633]
[43]
Sawka MN. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24(6): 657-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199206000-00008 ] [PMID: 1602938]
[44]
Sawka MN, Young AJ, Latzka WA, Neufer PD, Quigley MD, Pandolf KB. Human tolerance to heat strain during exercise: influence of hydration. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73(1): 368-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.1.368] [PMID: 1506393]
[45]
Cheuvront SN, Carter R, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance sciences of exercise health and sport. New York: Routledge 2005.
[46]
Bardis CN, Kavouras SA, Adams JD, Geladas ND, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Prescribed drinking leads to better cycling performance than ad libitum drinking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49(6): 1244-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001202 ] [PMID: 28079705]
[47]
Kenefick RW. Drinking strategies: Planned drinking versus drinking to thirst. Sports Med 2018; 48(1)(Suppl. 1): 31-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0844-6] [PMID: 29368181]
[48]
Noakes TD. Dehydration during exercise: What are the real dangers? Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5(2): 123-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199504000-00009 ] [PMID: 7882113]
[49]
Noakes T. Fluid replacement during marathon running. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13(5): 309-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200309000-00007 ] [PMID: 14501315]
[50]
Hew-Butler T, Almond C, Ayus JC, et al. Consensus statement of the 1st international exercise-associated hyponatremia consensus development conference, Cape Town, South Africa 2005. Clin J Sport Med 2005; 15(4): 208-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000174702.23983.41 ] [PMID: 16003032]
[51]
Noakes TD. Can we trust rehydration research? In Philosophy and the exercise performance. Curren Sports Med Rep 2005; 2: 202-8.
[52]
Hew-Butler T, Verbalis JG, Noakes TD. Updated fluid recommendation: Position statement from the International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA). Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16(4): 283-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200607000-00001 ] [PMID: 16858210]
[53]
Dugas JP, Oosthuizen U, Tucker R, Noakes TD. Rates of fluid ingestion alter pacing but not thermoregulatory responses during prolonged exercise in hot and humid conditions with appropriate convective cooling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105(1): 69-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0876-6] [PMID: 18853180]
[54]
Adams JD, Sekiguchi Y, Suh HG, et al. Dehydration impairs cycling performance, independently of thirst: a blinded study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50(8): 1697-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001597 ] [PMID: 29509643]
[55]
de Melo-Marins D, Souza-Silva AA, da Silva-Santos GLL, Freire-Júnior FA, Lee JKW, Laitano O. Personalized hydration strategy attenuates the rise in heart rate and in skin temperature without altering cycling capacity in the heat. Front Nutr 2018; 5(22): 22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00022] [PMID: 29707541]
[56]
Armstrong LE, Johnson EC, Bergeron MF. Counterview: Is drinking to thirst adequate to appropriately maintain hydration status during pro-longed endurance exercise? No. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27(2): 195-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.03.002] [PMID: 27291700]
[57]
Hoffman MD, Stuempfle KJ. Hydration strategies, weight change and performance in a 161 km ultramarathon. Res Sports Med 2014; 22(3): 213-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2014.915838] [PMID: 24950110]
[58]
Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. American college of sports medicine joint position statement. Nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48(3): 543-68.
[PMID: 26891166]
[59]
Machado-Moreira CA, Vimieiro-Gomes AC, Silami-Garcia E, Rodrigues LOC. Hidratação durante o exercício: a sede é suficiente? Rev Bras Med Esporte 2006; 12(6): 405-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000600020]
[60]
O’Neal EK, Caufield CR, Lowe JB, Stevenson MC, Davis BA, Thigpen LK. 24-h fluid kinetics and perception of sweat losses following a 1-h run in a temperate environment. Nutrients 2013; 6(1): 37-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu6010037] [PMID: 24451307]
[61]
Davis BA, O’neal EK, Johnson SL, Farley RS. Ad libitum fluid replacement threshold evidenced in runners at 12-h post-run in hot environment. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48(5)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485501.14665.13]]
[62]
Silva FIC, Santos AML, Adriano LS, Lopes RS, Vitalino R, Sa NAR. A importância da hidratação hidroeletrolítica no esporte. Rev Bras Ciênc Mov 2011; 19(3): 120-8.
[63]
Stuempfle KJ, Valentino T, Hew-Butler T, Hecht FM, Hoffman MD. Nausea is associated with endotoxemia during a 161-km ultramarathon. J Sports Sci 2016; 34(17): 1662-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1130238 ] [PMID: 26707127]
[64]
Costa RJS, Hoffman MD, Stellingwerff T. Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: Part 1- nutrition. Res Sports Med 2019; 27(2): 166-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1502188 ] [PMID: 30056753]
[65]
Nolte HW, Noakes TD, Nolte K. Ad libitum vs. restricted fluid replacement on hydration and performance of military tasks. Aviat Space Environ Med 2013; 84(2): 97-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.3378.2013] [PMID: 23447846]
[66]
Dempster S, Britton R, Murray A, Costa RJ. Case study: nutrition and hydration status during 4,254 km of running over 78 consecutive days. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2013; 23(5): 533-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.533] [PMID: 23630027]
[67]
Backes TP, Fitzgerald K. Fluid consumption, exercise, and cognitive performance. Biol Sport 2016; 33(3): 291-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1208485] [PMID: 27601785]
[68]
Rollo I, James L, Croft L, Williams C. The effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage drinking strategy on 10-mile running performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012; 22(5): 338-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.5.338] [PMID: 22805586]
[69]
Lopez RM, Casa DJ, Jensen KA, et al. Comparison of two fluid replacement protocols during a 20-km trail running race in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30(9): 2609-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001359 ] [PMID: 26840437]
[70]
Vianna LC, Oliveira RB, Silva BM, Ricardo DR, Araújo CG. Water intake accelerates post-exercise cardiac vagal reactivation in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 102(3): 283-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0584-7] [PMID: 17929050]
[71]
Kalman DS, Feldman S, Krieger DR, Bloomer RJ. Comparison of coconut water and a carbohydrate-electrolyte sport drink on measures of hydration and physical performance in exercise-trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9(1): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-1] [PMID: 22257640]
[72]
Moreno IL, Pastre CM, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Vanderlei LC. Effects of an isotonic beverage on autonomic regulation during and after exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10(1): 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-2] [PMID: 23286515]
[73]
Morgan RM, Patterson MJ, Nimmo MA. Acute effects of dehydration on sweat composition in men during prolonged exercise in the heat. Acta Physiol Scand 2004; 182(1): 37-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01305.x ] [PMID: 15329055]
[74]
Carmo GG, Gheler M, Amorim RMT, Navarro AC. As práticas de hidratação de homens lutadores de jiu-jitsu na cidade de São Paulo. Rev Bras Nutr Esportiva 2011; 5(26): 159-72.
[75]
Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109(6): 1989-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00367.2010 ] [PMID: 20689090]
[76]
Pinto SIF, Berdacki VS, Biesek S. Avaliação da perda hídrica e do grau de conhecimento em hidratação de atletas de futebol americano. Rev Bras Nutr Esportiva 2014; 8(45): 171-9.
[77]
Armstrong LE, Maresh CM, Castellani JW, et al. Urinary indices of hydration status. Int J Sport Nutr 1994; 4(3): 265-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.4.3.265] [PMID: 7987361]
[78]
Armstrong LE, Soto JA, Hacker FT Jr, Casa DJ. Junior, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM. Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise, and rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr 1998; 8(4): 345-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.4.345] [PMID: 9841955]
[79]
Shirreffs SM. Markers of hydration status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57(2)(Suppl. 2): S6-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601895] [PMID: 14681707]
[80]
Armstrong LE. Hydration assessment techniques. Nutr Rev 2005; 63(6 Pt 2): S40-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00153.x ] [PMID: 16028571]
[81]
Oppliger RA, Magnes SA, Popowski LA, Gisolfi CV. Accuracy of urine specific gravity and osmolality as indicators of hydration status. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005; 15(3): 236-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.3.236] [PMID: 16131695]
[82]
Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rosemann T, Senn O. No dehydration in mountain bike ultra-marathoners. Clin J Sport Med 2009; 19(5): 415-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b47c93 ] [PMID: 19741316]
[83]
Silva RP, Mündel T, Altoé JL, Saldanha MR, Ferreira FG, Marins JCB. Preexercise urine specific gravity and fluid intake during one-hour running in a thermoneutral environment - A randomized cross-over study. J Sports Sci Med 2010; 9(3): 464-71.
[PMID: 24149642]