The section introduces the complex array of challenges confronting transportation in Kenya, drawing on an extensive examination of existing literature. It highlights key issues such as safety, policing and policy regulations, infrastructure shortcomings, all crucial components of the transportation landscape. By contextualizing these challenges within the framework of sustainable development goals (SDGs), the chapter underscores the urgent need to align transportation practices with broader sustainability objectives. This foundational analysis sets the stage for subsequent discussions aimed at identifying actionable solutions and driving progress toward a more sustainable transport system in Kenya, ultimately paving the way for transformative change in the nation's transportation sector. 

The section highlights significant shortcomings in the Kenyan data collection landscape, particularly as reported by the National Police Service (NPS) and the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA). Official sources of data are found to be lacking in quality, accuracy, and comprehensiveness, thus impeding a systematic approach to addressing transportation issues, particularly regarding accidents and fatalities. To overcome these limitations, the research proposes exploring alternative data sources such as social media platforms and surveys, combined with advanced analytical techniques like Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning. This approach aims to gain deeper insights into the causes of accidents and factors contributing to high fatality rates. Recommendations include standardizing data collection schemes, implementing digital reporting and data integration, fostering interagency collaboration and mandatory reporting, establishing public awareness campaigns, adopting international best practices, and reviewing legislation and policies. These measures are essential for enhancing the quality and breadth of transportation data and improving road safety in Kenya.

“ One Important Role for the City is to Conduct Studies to Document Areas of Greatest Need, and to Facilitate Coordination between our Public and Private Transportation Options to Weave it into a Dense Tapestry of Accessible and Reliable Transportation.” — Mark Noble.

The section provides a comprehensive overview of road accidents and safety statistics in Kenya, emphasizing the concerning rise in fatalities and injuries in recent years. It underscores the significant challenge posed by the lack of accurate data on road traffic accidents (RTAs), hindering the formulation of effective solutions. Moreover, it highlights the inadequate disaster preparedness in the country, particularly concerning RTAs, and identifies deficiencies in policy and road monitoring strategies as contributing factors to a culture of reckless driving. Key recommendations proposed include the development of robust safety infrastructure, utilizing modern technology, refining traffic laws and enforcement measures, and enhancing emergency response and medical care capabilities. These recommendations collectively aim to address the escalating risks associated with road accidents and foster a safer transportation environment in Kenya.

“Transportation is the Centre of the World! It is the Glue of our Daily Lives. When it Goes Well, we Don’t See it. When it Goes Wrong, it Negatively Colours our Day, Makes us Angry and Impotent, Curtails our Possibilities.” — Robin Chase.

This chapter delves into the landscape of Kenyan policies and policing activities concerning road safety, with a particular focus on the inadequacies of the Traffic Act, road monitoring strategies, and dynamics of police-public trust. It highlights the impediments to enforcing traffic laws (chief of which is corruption), including ineffective monitoring strategies and prevalent criminal activities targeting road users. Recommendations proposed involve strengthening traffic law enforcement through resource prioritization and technological integration, enhancing collaboration among agencies, fostering public engagement and education, and addressing criminal activities. Through these strategies, the chapter aims to address the identified shortcomings and promote safer roads in Kenya.

“Technology is rapidly changing our transportation systems, and if we craft smart regulations, these changes can be for the better.” -- London Breed

The section looks at the state of road infrastructure in the country and the consequences stemming from the use/abuse of the same by different players. Key aspects explored in this analysis include the state and management of road construction, the intricate relationship between roads and traffic dynamics, as well as the usability and accessibility of road networks. Various road infrastructural challenges are addressed, ranging from illegal unmarked obstacles and unauthorized structures to the confiscation of road resources by informal businesses, illegal parking, among others and below-par road provisions for persons with disabilities (PWDs). Additionally, factors such as accidents, vandalism, garbage accumulation, and weather effects further compound the degradation of road infrastructure. Proposed solutions advocate for measures such as regulating Central Business District (CBD) access through designated transport associations (SACCOs), fostering public engagement in road development initiatives, and promoting alternative modes of mobility alongside pedestrian-friendly urban planning.

“Building more roads to prevent congestion is like a fat man loosening his belt to prevent obesity” – Lewis Mumford

This chapter investigates the multifaceted challenges confronting public transportation in Kenya, with a particular focus on Matatus (mini-buses) and Bodabodas (motorcycle taxis). It delves into various dimensions of the transportation industry, including the pervasive use of second-hand vehicles which significantly contributes to fatalities and pollution, passenger mistreatment, and the alarming increase in criminal activities linked to Boda-bodas, among others. Moreover, it analyzes the economic ramifications of public transportation. The recommendations encompass enhancing road user safety, mitigating pollution, promoting alternative transit modes, incorporating modern technologies, and fostering public participation.

“ The Failure to Invest in our Public Transportation and Public Life, I Think, is a Scandal and a Shame, and it Should be a National Embarrassment.” — Mark Shields

This section proposes the Integrated Intelligent Transport System (ITS) as a comprehensive solution to address major transportation challenges in Kenya. By conducting a thorough assessment of the country's transport system, the ITS aims to enhance road monitoring efficiency, safety, and sustainability. It integrates cuttingedge features like in-vehicle sensors and external monitoring units to monitor driver behavior, identify accident-prone areas, and streamline emergency collaboration and reporting processes. Emphasizing data transparency and evidence-based policymaking, the ITS seeks to create a safer and more efficient transportation ecosystem. Through these initiatives, the ITS lays the groundwork for long-term resilience and sustainability in Kenya's transport sector.

“The Reality About Transportation is that it’s Future-oriented. If We’re Planning for What We Have, We’re Behind the Curve.” - Anthony Foxx (U.S. Secretary of Transportation 2013-2017)

This concluding chapter draws upon our extensive journey through Kenya's intricate public transportation landscape. Our exploration, conducted through a phenomenological study, aimed to unravel the lived experiences, perceptions, and challenges faced by individuals who depend on public transportation across this diverse nation. By adopting this unique approach, we have sought to shed light on the human aspects of transportation issues, and in doing so, we now present our conclusions and recommendations for a brighter future in Kenyan transportation.