Frontiers in Civil Engineering

Author(s): Y.M. Cheng, H. Wong, C.J. Leo and C.K. Lau

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083032116010003

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Upper and Lower Bound Approaches

Pp: 12-69 (58)

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Abstract

SHS investigation development is considered from the geographical and historical viewpoint. 3 stages are described. Within Stage 1 the work was carried out in the Department of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka where the scientific discovery had been made. At Stage 2 the interest to SHS arose in different cities and towns of the former USSR. Within Stage 3 SHS entered the international scene. Now SHS processes and products are being studied in more than 50 countries.

Abstract

In this chapter, the basic theory about the lower and upper approaches will be introduced. These approaches will then be applied to various types of problems, and the applicability of the lower and upper bound approaches will be illustrated through many types of problems, for which analytical/rigorous solutions are available.

Keywords:

Failure mechanism, Lower bound, Upper bound, Yield.

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