Abstract

Mexico is home to two major deserts, the Chihuahuan and the Sonoran, which date back to the late Miocene. Both cover a vast region of northern Mexico and parts of the south of the USA. These deserts have been primarily shaped by recent tectonic forces and are characterized by tall mountain ranges that rise abruptly from alluvial plains. The landscapes include piedmont slopes, basin floors, alluvial deposits, closed drainage systems, and beaches. The soils are predominantly composed of alluviums, volcanic rocks, and isolated patches of sedimentary marine rocks. Intense wind erosion shapes the topography, creating sand dunes and impacting the biological productivity of ecosystems. The Sonoran Desert’s climate is influenced by the surrounding mountains, which block moisture-laden air, resulting in rare winter frosts. In contrast, the Chihuahuan Desert experiences near- or below-freezing temperatures in its higher mountains. The vegetation in both deserts varies significantly due to differences in soil composition, topography, weather conditions, and soil age. Biological crusts play a crucial role in reducing erosion, trapping water and nutrients, and aiding in soil formation. Soils in desert environments typically consist of bare rock, varnished stone pavements, and coarse-weathered mantles. They undergo minimal weathering and leaching, resulting in coarser textures, shallow soil profiles, high concentrations of salts, and the accumulation of aeolian dust. These conditions pose challenges for providing ecosystem services such as flood regulation, water purification, climate regulation, and soil contaminant retention in urban areas located in deserts, thereby increasing vulnerability to climate change. Consequently, reconditioning soils in desert cities is essential before implementing any infrastructure to enhance ecosystem services.