Abstract

This study proposes an approach that encompasses the entire product life cycle, aimed at offering comprehensive product metrics for sustainable manufacturing. The metrics are designed to consider the three dimensions of sustainability, namely environmental, economic, and social factors. This paper centers on life cycle assessment and categorizes it into five stages of a product's life cycle, namely: the product's inception and design phase, the manufacturing phase, the transportation phase, the user experience phase, and the post-use and end-of-life cycle phases. This study centers on the metrics of the product and the challenges associated with creating a sustainable product, in addition to examining its life cycle. These provide an opportunity to establish a system of stratification for the metrics, based on the presence of distinct metrics throughout various stages of the life cycle. The generic metrics that were developed have been categorized into distinct metric clusters, which presents an opportunity to establish a metric levelling framework.