Abstract

Agriculture is our sensible recreation and the foremost food source for all animals and human beings. It gives laurels to us, but knowingly or unknowingly, agricultural systems face stress, resource quality degradation, and depletion by human activities. Abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, water logging, extreme cold, frost, heat, and drought, affect agricultural productivity. Biotic factors like insects, weeds, herbivores, pathogens, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, algae, and other microbes limit good-quality products. Climate change leads to more complications when interpreting how plants and microbes interact to protect themselves from stress. Plants need water, carbon, and nutrients to grow. The extreme conditions mentioned restrict the growth of plants. Although plants can sense and exhibit natural mechanisms during stress conditions, increased non-sustainable agricultural practices and other human activities lead to highly stressful conditions for plant growth and yield. While in stressful situations, fungi play an essential role in energy transfer and uptake of nutrients by releasing the adverse effects of stress on plant growth. Many strategies in bacteria and fungi need to be addressed here, including stress conditions such as cysts and spore formation, cell membrane deformation, production of damage repair enzymes, and chemical synthesis to relieve stress. The mechanism of salt tolerance, symbiotic microbes, xenobiotics, and hazardous tolerance genes induces plant growth in unfavorable conditions. In recent days, technological improvements such as gene modification by genetic engineering have shown the potential to enhance the positive effects on agricultural production and products.