Abstract

Complexity exists in systems with simple architecture. The unit of architecture, in this context, is a predator–prey community. In case another predator invades the patch in which this community inhabits, temporal dynamics would go chaotic. Chaotic dynamics is characterized by short–term predictability. This leads to Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity. It has been found in Daphnia‘s Neuro - physiological mechanisms of Ad hoc environmental phenotypic adaptation. Induced defenses in Daphnia; a prey for fish, phantom midge larvae, tadpoles, and several aquatic insects, engage in predation-specific chemical cues that signal increased predation risk. Identification of friends and foes is facilitated by Chemo-receptors in Daphnia. Olfactory receptor (OR) neurons belong to the G – protein-coupled – receptor super family. These neurons get activated when air-borne molecules bind to ORs expressed on their cilia. Transport of goods and services involves the movement of vehicles that release NO2 into the environment.

Molecular switches on plant leaves help sense their environment. These switches are 10-15 m long molecules made of femto particles. Animals and ‘social animals’ (individual humans living in different societies) interact with each other through members of G – protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Animals consume plants that provide food, fodder, fuel, and fiber for the growing human population. Social Capital, a network of relationships among people in an efficient society, creates Human capital; good health, and knowledge of things, which are useful for the execution of duties of an employee in a company. The chapter provides a crisp description of all that goes into different aspects of human ecology. This discipline puts humans on the center stage. An integration of this discipline with neurosciences would broaden the scope of both disciplines.