Abstract

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations between fungi and plants. Mycorrhizal associations are believed to be established between the Ordovician and Devonian periods. The mycorrhizal association is prevalent in almost all ecosystems with a high degree of host specificity. About 40,000–50,000 fungal species colonize the roots of nearly about 250,000 plant species. These symbiotic relations benefit associated plants by providing up to 80% of N and P and also help in plant growth and fitness by different mechanisms. A look into the recent literature suggests that mycorrhizal fungi are not only involved in improving crop yield but also increase the quality of products through the increase in antioxidants, vitamins, and essential trace elements in plants. Due to eco-friendly and sustainable aspects, widespread research and industrial applications of AM fungi are trending in today’s world. During recent years of urbanization and industrialization, the concentration of trace elements has increased in soil and water. Recovery of contaminated areas is very crucial as it may get into the food chain and the process is generally complex. For this, mycorrhizae have evolved as an efficient and sustainable aspect. Ecological restoration of mining sites using AM fungi is considered necessary and useful.

AMF displays significant positive effects, such as increased plant survival under unfavourable growth conditions, enhanced growth and nutrition, improved soil structure and quality, and greater plant re-establishment. Implementation of various molecular techniques and advanced scientific knowledge on AM fungal symbioses, mycorrhizal biotechnology has reached various application domains such as horticulture, agriculture, soil reclamation, bioremediation, gardening, landscaping, and other areas of the plant market.