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SHS investigation development is considered from the geographical and historical viewpoint. 3 stages are described. Within Stage 1 the work was carried out in the Department of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka where the scientific discovery had been made. At Stage 2 the interest to SHS arose in different cities and towns of the former USSR. Within Stage 3 SHS entered the international scene. Now SHS processes and products are being studied in more than 50 countries.
Abstract
CRYSTALLINE STATE
Crystalline and Amorphous States
Laue’s discovery of X-ray diffraction demonstrated that very few solids are amorphous. Materials such as the rocks and soil, metals and alloys, wood, concrete, and even textile fibers are crystalline, at least partly. Rubber becomes crystalline when being stretched, and even bones, hair, muscle fibers, and tendons of animal body are partly crystalline. The most reliable means of demonstrating this crystalline nature is the X-ray diffraction technique. Using X-ray examination, at least 95% of solid inorganic chemical substances are found to be crystalline, and more than 98% of minerals show definite crystalline structure [8-11].....
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Authors:Bentham Science Books