Abstract

Carbon, having 6 electrons, shows sp1 , sp2 and sp3 hybridization to produce novel allotropes. Since the recent discoveries of fullerenes in 1985, carbon nanotubes in 1991 and graphene in 2004, there is immense regard for the amazing physical and chemical properties of carbon nanomaterials, promoting the growth of techniques for large-scale manufacturing. Carbon nanomaterials have been the subject of extensive scientific study all around the world due to their important structural dimensions and excellent chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, catalytic and thermal properties different from bulk counterparts. The carbon nanomaterials with 0, 1, 2 and 3 dimensions (carbon black, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, carbon quantum dots, carbon nano-horns, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and graphene) have shown such built-in properties that are easily exploitable in cutting edge technology for a numerous application. Applications in technology, medicine, environment and agriculture are all part of the ever-expanding commercial use of carbon nanomaterials. In this chapter, brief history and recent advancements in carbon nanomaterials specifically fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon quantum dots, and nanodiamonds have been thoroughly reviewed. Along with their methods of synthesis, future prospects and opportunities in a variety of industries have also been discussed. Significant applications of different carbon materials in important areas have been highlighted. A summary of toxic effects of carbon nanomaterials on biological systems has also been given to support wise usage and careful handling.