Abstract
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur spontaneously or
due to exposure to mutagenic agents such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses. These
changes can have a wide range of effects on the organism, from no effect at all to
causing genetic disorders or cancer. DNA repair mechanisms exist to correct these
mutations, ensuring the integrity of the genetic material. There are several types of
DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair,
and mismatch repair, each designed to correct different types of DNA damage. The
repair mechanisms are highly regulated and involve a complex network of proteins that
detect, remove, and replace damaged DNA. Defects in DNA repair mechanisms can
lead to an accumulation of mutations, increasing the risk of cancer and other diseases.
For example, individuals with inherited mutations in DNA repair genes have a higher
risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as breast and ovarian cancer.