Abstract
Diabetes is one of the common diseases in the world and its treatment faces
challenges. Insulin is the main therapeutic agent used in the treatment of diabetic
patients. However, it has several side effects and during the day, patients may need
several insulin injections, which is not pleasant for them. Therefore, a controlled and
prolonged release system is required to decrease the injection frequency, improve the
bioavailability of insulin, and enhance the compliance of patients. Nanoparticles (NPs)
based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been considered for insulin delivery. NPs
can improve the permeability of insulin by opening the tight junctions between
intestinal epithelial cells and can protect insulin from the action of enzymes existing in
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.