Abstract
SHS investigation development is considered from the geographical and historical viewpoint. 3 stages are described. Within Stage 1 the work was carried out in the Department of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka where the scientific discovery had been made. At Stage 2 the interest to SHS arose in different cities and towns of the former USSR. Within Stage 3 SHS entered the international scene. Now SHS processes and products are being studied in more than 50 countries.
Abstract
The liver is composed of hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, Kupffer cells,
stellate cells, and hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. It also plays an important role in
the digestive system and immune system at the same time. The different types of
hepatitis, including viral liver diseases, autoimmune liver diseases, and metabolic liver
diseases, are all closely related to osteoporosis. People with liver disease have a
significantly higher risk of developing osteoporosis than people without hepatitis.
Fibrosis is part of the wound-healing response that maintains organs after tissue injury,
but excessive fibrosis may also contribute to a variety of human diseases. Hepatic
stellate cells are the key to liver fibrosis. The apoptotic hepatocytes stimulate fibrosis in
hepatic myofibroblasts, and activated hepatic stellate cells are the main source of
myofibroblasts in the liver. Activated hepatic stellate cells possess many voltage-operated calcium channels. Changes in the concentration of calcium ions mediate
hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis regression. The skeleton is one of the main
regulatory mechanisms of calcium ions in the body. Therefore, chronic hepatitis leads
to a disturbance of calcium homeostasis in vivo, which may be one of the factors
causing bone loss.
Keywords:
Autoimmune liver disease, Bone mineral density, Fibrosis, Metabolic liver disease, Osteoporosis, Viral liver disease.
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Authors:Bentham Science Books