Abstract

 Environmental deterioration is currently a major problem for both emerging and wealthy nations. Extensive industrialization and intensive agricultural activity are the main causes of land, water, and air contamination. There are numerous conventional treatments for various environmental contaminants, but each has drawbacks. As a result, a different approach is necessary, one that is efficient, less harmful, and produces better results. In terms of cleaning up the environment, nanomaterials have garnered much interest. Nanomaterials outperform more traditional methods for environmental remediation due to their enormous surface area and strong reactivity. For particular applications, they can be altered to include new functionalities. Nanoscale materials can be very reactive due to the high surface-areato-volume ratio and a greater number of reactive sites. These traits enable greater contaminant interaction, which prompts a rapid decrease in pollutant concentration. In order to remove toxins from diverse environmental media (e.g., soil, water, and air), environmental remediation primarily uses various methods.