Abstract

The concept of a biosensor was first proposed in 1962 by Clark and Lyons, who developed an oxidase enzyme electrode for the detection of glucose. Since then, the development of nanotechnology has prompted biosensors to evolve and become more specialized for a variety of applications. Currently, at the forefront of science, bio-sensing applications combined with nanotechnology have implications for multiple fields, including medicine, biology, environment, drug delivery, and food safety. In recent decades, bacterial and viral diseases have seriously threatened human safety. Prioritizing the rapid detection of outbreaks, which pose a major threat to the healthcare system and could have a catastrophic socioeconomic impact, will help stop them. Scientists are conducting extensive research to develop sensitive diagnostic techniques and effective medicines.