Abstract
The authors prove that with the purpose to implement the tasks of ensuring
the appropriate quality of the environment in Russia, environmental legislation
provides for a system of measures, which, along with giving a special legal status to
certain specially protected areas or establishing rules and regulations for the protection
and rational use of natural objects, also includes special environmental requirements
mandatory for observance and execution by all legal entities, individual entrepreneurs
and citizens engaged in various types of economic and other activities that have a
negative impact on the environment. The list of these types of activities is not
exhaustive and includes special rules and requirements for real estate construction,
operation of industrial, power and agricultural facilities, transport, etc. The
requirements are comprehensive and thus different from the duties imposed on users of
natural resources and third parties using certain natural resources (forests, water, etc.).
In particular, rules dedicated to the protection of forests from fires contain sufficiently
unique prescriptions that can be used only to protect forests. In a similar manner, the
measures for fauna protection through the maintenance of the Red Data Book are
clearly localized by this natural object. The comprehensive nature of the requirements
for certain types of activities consists in the fact that they are aimed at regulating the
activities threatening several natural objects rather than one. Requirements for
environmentally safe operation of power facilities are a typical example in this case.
Requirements for construction and operation of nuclear power stations are intended to
exclude any repetition of the tragedy of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, when the
radiation had a negative impact on not one component of the natural environment
(land, forests, water, fauna, air) but all at once, and the environment contaminated with
radiation caused harm to the life and health of hundreds of thousands of people. Harm
to nature and the health of citizens from tests of nuclear weapons or from more
peaceful activities, for example, the use of pesticides in agriculture is equally complex
with regard to its consequences. In the latter case, violation of environmental
requirements in the field of chemicalization of agriculture results in harm to land,
surface and ground water bodies.
Keywords: Activities, Agriculture, Chemical weapons, Defense, Green fund, Human settlements, Industry, Missiles, Ozone layer, Pesticides, Power industry, Protective zones, Requirements, Sanitary protection zones, Technical regulations, Transport, Urban development, Waste, Zones with special conditions of use, Zoning