Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites

Heavy metal contamination is a global challenge causing potential health

hazards to humans and biotic life due to an increase in geologic and anthropogenic

activities. Heavy metals generate oxidative stress and are highly toxic even at very low

concentrations, and usually bioaccumulate in food chains. Herein, we have discussed

and highlighted the role of microbes and plants in bioremediation in terms of tolerance

and elimination of heavy metals. The application of microbial biosorbents is

ecologically friendly and economical; hence, it proved to be an effective alternative for

heavy metal remediation from polluted environments. In parallel, the current chapter

also addresses some fundamental concepts of plant-based remediation known as

phytoremediation as well as the biochemical mechanisms associated with it. Among

the introduced methods, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and application of the

PGPRs are some of the most suitable and eco-friendly techniques, which are currently

considered important processes in phytoremediation. Recently, we have shifted our

efforts and concepts to a broader panorama, in which particular emphasis is given to

the advancements in the field of genetic engineering, metagenomics, and

nanotechnology, and many of these strategies discussed are already showing great

promise. Using recombinant DNA technology, whole-cell biosensors have been

developed for the detection of environmental pollutants, including heavy metals.

Similarly, metagenomics has played a major role in the discovery of novel genes,

enzymes, pathways, and bioactive molecules involved in heavy metal resistance.

Therefore, we anticipate that a discussion of existing resources and limitations will

improve tools and technologies for the bioremediation of heavy metals.

Keywords: Bioremediation, Biosorbent, Heavy metals, Metagenomics, Nanotechnology, Phytoremediation.

Cite as

View All Books

Bioremediation: Challenges and Advancements