Abstract
SHS investigation development is considered from the geographical and historical viewpoint. 3 stages are described. Within Stage 1 the work was carried out in the Department of the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka where the scientific discovery had been made. At Stage 2 the interest to SHS arose in different cities and towns of the former USSR. Within Stage 3 SHS entered the international scene. Now SHS processes and products are being studied in more than 50 countries.
Abstract
Numerous muscles acting simultaneously on the mandible are utilized to create a bite force. Defining the involvement of each muscle to the creation of this bite force is the biggest challenge as it cannot be resolved using the conditions of static equilibrium. Estimation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) forces from mathematical models has a long history but has led to conflicting results. The biggest disagreement has been over whether the TMJ is even load bearing. To model completely all of the forces involved in the production of the TMJ reaction force will be difficult as all force vectors need to be established in three-dimensions. Three different approaches have been proposed to calculate all the muscle forces and the forces in the temporomandibular joints during biting.
Keywords:
Barbenel, Bite force, Muscle tension, Physiological cross-sectional areas, Pruim, Temporomandibular joint forces, Throckmorton.
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Authors:Bentham Science Books