Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders

Author(s): Arturo Solís Herrera

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083391117060008

The Structure-Activity Relationship of Melanin as a Source of Energy Defines the Role of Glucose to Biomass Supply Only, Implications in the Context of the Failing Brain

Pp: 127-153 (27)

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Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders

Volume: 6

The Structure-Activity Relationship of Melanin as a Source of Energy Defines the Role of Glucose to Biomass Supply Only, Implications in the Context of the Failing Brain

Author(s): Arturo Solís Herrera

Pp: 127-153 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681083391117060008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Decreasing brain metabolism is a substantive cause of cognitive abnormalities in Alzheimer´s Disease (AD), although this hypo-metabolism is poorly understood, i.e. is not known if it is primary or secondary. Neuron ion homeostasis and thereby synapsis are a crucial and highly energy demanding processes, and one of the hallmarks of AD is the loss of synapsis in defined regions of the brain. Until today, alterations in mitochondrial energy supply have been considered the main concern due to in aging rat neuron model, mitochondria are both chronically depolarized and produce more reactive oxygen species with age. Thereby, impoverished mitochondrial function has been actively studied trying to reverse and recover ATP generation. Today, after more than 100 years that Alois Alzheimer described Augusta D., patients still die in the same way, in spite multiple treatments, multiple theories, multiple studies and unfruitful clinical trials. We believe that the unraveling of the unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transform visible and invisible light into chemical energy through the dissociation of the water molecule, as chlorophyll in plants, will mark a before and after, this is: a new frontier, in the understanding and treatment of the nightmare of the XXI century: Alzheimer´s Disease.


Keywords: Alzheimer, Energy, Hydrogen, Light, Melanin, Neurodegeneration, Synapsis.

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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59849041 and j.to_ip >=59849041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1735908217 and j.to_date >= 1735908217 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10750) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59849041 and j.to_ip >=59849041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1735908217 and j.to_date >= 1735908217 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10750) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59849041 and j.to_ip >=59849041 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1735908217 and j.to_date >= 1735908217 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 10750)
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1548
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 2249 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1735908217 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1735908217 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#189
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 2249
      • 3: 1735908217
      • 4: 1735908217
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:189
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7924297ae37b62fe9353f8d053edf659'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._main_menu:13
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        LBboQPdCP8LHTLtdoNMvMfeJDBPJZC96DrGMCoBA
        uc_cart_id
        7924297ae37b62fe9353f8d053edf659
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://beta.benthamscience.com/chapter/10750" ]
        _flash
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        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/10750
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
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        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-01-03 12:43:37GET/chapter/10750111199