Generic placeholder image

Current Analytical Chemistry

Author(s): Farah S.A. Jahiddin and Kah Hin Low*

DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190710221141

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Evaluation of Terpene Variability in the Volatile Oils from Zingiber officinale using Chemometrics

Page: [695 - 702] Pages: 8

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Ginger oil poses various pharmacological properties corresponding to its terpene composition which depends upon the preparation method along with the sample variety.

Objective: This work aims to explore the variability in the derived oil associated with the hydrodistillation settings i.e. sample freshness/dryness, size reduction process, and heating duration using chemometric approaches.

Methods: The extraction process was evaluated with a two-level full factorial design where the volatile oils were hydrodistillated and characterized by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. The multivariate dataset ascertained was further explored with principal component analysis.

Results: According to the outcomes from the design, the yield could be quantitatively improved by using fresh sample, with reduced particle thickness and longer extraction cycle. The clastering patterns from principal component analysis revealed the domination of monoterpenes in the extracts from fresh samples; sesquiterpenes in the grated samples; whereas heating duration demonstrated antagonistic effect between monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

Conclusion: These findings suggest the importance of experimental conditions in driving the yield and quality of ginger extracts according to the requirement of the industries.

Keywords: Essential oil, experimental design, ginger, hydrodistillation, pattern recognition, principal component analysis.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Cakir, U.; Tayman, C.; Serkant, U.; Yakut, H.I.; Cakir, E.; Ates, U.; Koyuncu, I.; Karaogul, E. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) for the treatment and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2018, 225(28), 297-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.009] [PMID: 30005955]
[2]
Srinivasan, K. Ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale): A spice with multiple health beneficial potentials. PharmaNutrition, 2017, 5(1), 18-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2017.01.001]
[3]
Ali, B.H.; Blunden, G.; Tanira, M.O.; Nemmar, A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008, 46(2), 409-420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085] [PMID: 17950516]
[4]
Sasidharan, I.; Menon, A.N. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh & dry ginger oils (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe). Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(4), 40-43.
[5]
Nampoothiri, S.V.; Venugopalan, V.; Joy, B.; Sreekumar, M.; Menon, A.N. Comparison of essential oil composition of three ginger cultivars from sub Himalayan region. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2012, 2(3), S1347-S1350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60414-6]
[6]
Rahmani, A.H.; Shabrmi, F.M.; Aly, S.M. Active ingredients of ginger as potential candidates in the prevention and treatment of diseases via modulation of biological activities. Int. J. Physiol. Pathophysiol. Pharmacol., 2014, 6(2), 125-136.
[PMID: 25057339]
[7]
Arablou, T.; Aryaeian, N. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as an ancient medicinal plant on improving blood lipids. J. Herb. Med., 2008, 12, 11-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.005]
[8]
Yudthavorasit, S.; Wongravee, K.; Leepipatpiboon, N. Characteristic fingerprint based on gingerol derivative analysis for discrimination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) according to geographical origin using HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics. Food Chem., 2014, 158, 101-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.086 PMID: 24731320]
[9]
Salea, R.; Veriansyah, B.; Tjandrawinata, R.R. Optimization and scale-up process for supercritical fluids extraction of ginger oil from Zingiber officinale var. Amarum. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 2017, 120(2), 285-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.05.035]
[10]
Waseem, R.; Low, K.H. Advanced analytical techniques for the extraction and characterization of plant-derived essential oils by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci., 2015, 38(3), 483-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201400724] [PMID: 25403494]
[11]
Ding, S.H.; An, K.J.; Zhao, C.P.; Li, Y.; Guo, Y.H.; Wang, Z.F. Effect of drying methods on volatiles of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Bioprod. Process., 2012, 90, 515-524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2011.10.003]
[12]
An, K.; Zhao, D.; Wang, Z.; Wu, J.; Xu, Y.; Xiao, G. Comparison of different drying methods on Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Changes in volatiles, chemical profile, antioxidant properties, and microstructure. Food Chem, 2016, 197(Pt B), 1292-1300..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.033] [PMID: 26675871]
[13]
Mashkani, M.R.D.; Larijani, K. AliMehrafarin, A.; Bad, H.N. Changes in the essential oil content and composition of Thymus daenensis Celak. under different drying methods. Ind. Crops Prod., 2018, 112, 389-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.012]
[14]
Adams, R.P.; Skopec, M.M.; Kohl, K.D.; Dearing, M.D. Comparison of volatile leaf terpenoids from Juniperus monosperma and J. osteosperma leaves: Intact, ground and exposed to ambient temperature. Phytologia, 2014, 96, 207-217.
[15]
Tischer, B.; Vendruscolo, R.G.; Wagner, R.; Menezes, C.R.; Barin, C.S.; Giacomelli, S.R.; Budel, J.M.; Barin, J.S. Effect of grinding method on the analysis of essential oil from Baccharis articulata (Lam.). Pers. Chem Pap, 2017, 71(4), 753-761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0052-0]
[16]
Fadil, M.; Farah, A.; Ihssane, B.; Lebrazi, S.; Chraibi, M.; Haloui, T.; Rachiq, S. The screening of parameters influencing the hydrodistillation of Moroccan Mentha piperita L. leaves by experimental design methodology. J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2016, 7(4), 1445-1453.
[17]
Ikram, R.; Low, K.H.; Hashim, N.; Ahmad, W.; Nasharuddin, A.M.N. Evaluation of solvent-free microwave extraction conditions on essential oils from allium cepa through chemometric analysis. Curr. Anal. Chem., 2018, 14(6), 646-653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180619145937]
[18]
Heath, H.B. Natural Flavoring Materials. Source Book of Flavors: (AVI Sourcebook and Handbook Series); Avi Publications: Westport, 1981, pp. 148-287.
[19]
Nandi, S.; Saleh-e-In, M.M.; Rahim, M.M.; Bhuiyan, M.N.H.; Sultana, N.; Ahsan, M.A.; Ahmed, S.; Siraj, S.; Rahman, M.Z.; Kumar Roy, S. Quality composition and biological significance of the Bangladeshi and China ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci., 2013, 2(5), 2283.
[20]
Nair, K.P.P. The Chemistry of Ginger.The Agronomy and Economy of Turmeric and Ginger: The Invaluable Medicinal Spice Crops, 1st ed; Elsevier: London, 2013, pp. 293-338.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394801-4.00016-8]
[21]
Azhari, H.N.; Sook, S.Y.; Abdurahman, H.N. Extraction and chemical compositions of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oils as a cockroach repellent. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2017, 11(3), 1-8.
[22]
Mohamed Hanaa, A.R.; Sallam, Y.I.; El-Leithy, A.S.; Aly, S.E. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. Ann. Agric. Sci., 2012, 57(2), 113-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2012.08.004]
[23]
Ashafa, A.O.T.; Pitso, T.R. Effects of microwave drying on the yield and chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex willd from the Eastern Free State South Africa. J. Essent. Oil Bear Plant, 2014, 17(6), 1087-1093.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.960280]
[24]
Benbelaid, F.; Abdoune, M.; Khadir, A.; Bendahou, M. Drying effect on yield and antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, 2013, 3(1), 93-101.
[25]
Beigi, M.; Torki-Harchegani, M.; Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Quantity and chemical composition of essential oil of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) leaves under different drying methods. Int. J. Food Prop., 2018, 21(1), 267-276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1453839]
[26]
Verma, R.S.; Chauhan, A. Pre-distillation drying and its impact on aroma profile of Rosemary elite genotype (cv.‘CIM-Hariyali’). Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour., 2011, 2(1), 70-73.
[27]
Orsat, V.; Changrue, V.; Raghavan, G.S.V. Microwave drying of fruits and vegetables. Stewart Postharvest Rev., 2006, 6(4), 4-9.
[28]
Nam, P.N.; Lien, P.T.K.; Hoa, T.T.; Huong, C.M.; Thien, D. Agriculture, Microwave assisted Soxhlet extraction of essential oil from Vietnamese Star anise fruits (Illicium verum Hook. f.) and their chemical composition. Emir. J. Food Agric., 2017, 29(2), 131-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2016-05-559]
[29]
Yahya, A.; Amadi, I.; Hashib, S.A.; Mustapha, F.A. Influence sample sizing of Citrus hystrix essential oil from hydrodistillation extraction. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.,, 2018, 334, 012065.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012065]
[30]
Rezazi, S.; Abdelmalek, S.; Hanini, S. Kinetic study and optimization of extraction process conditions. Energy Procedia, 2017, 139, 98-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.180]
[31]
Lee, Y.L.; Ding, P. Production of essential oil in plants: Ontogeny, secretory structures and seasonal variations. Pertan. J. Schol. Res., 2016, 2(1), 1-10.
[32]
Mahendera, M.; Shah, M. Extraction and characterization of essential oil of sweet lime (Citrus limetta Risso) peel using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. Res. J. Chem. Sci., 2014, 4(11), 51-55.
[33]
Hasmita, I.; Adisalamun, A.; Alam, P.N.; Satriana, S.; Mahlinda, M.; Supardan, M.D. Effect of drying and hydrodistillation time on the amount of ginger essential oil. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol., 2015, 5(5), 300-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.5.5.567]
[34]
Gavahian, M.; Farhoosh, R.; Farahnaky, A.; Javidnia, K.; Shahidi, F. Comparison of extraction parameters and extracted essential oils from Mentha piperita L. using hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Int. Food Res. J., 2015, 22(1), 283-288.
[35]
Baldosano, H.Y.; Castillo, M.B.M.G.; Elloran, C.D.H.; Bacani, F.T. In Effect of particle size, solvent and extraction time on tannin extract from Spondias purpurea bark through soxhlet extraction Proceedings of the DLSU Research Congress, Manila, Philipphines, March 2-4., 2015, pp1-6..
[36]
Mohamed, N.A.; Morad, N.A.; Abd Aziz, M.K. In: Process design of hydro-distillation in ginger oil production. Paper presented at The 4th Annual Seminar of National Science Fellowship 2004, Penang, Malaysia, December 20-21,, 2004,, pp. 527-531.
[37]
Sivasothy, Y.; Chong, W.K.; Hamid, A.; Eldeen, I.M.; Sulaiman, S.F.; Awang, K. Essential oils of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and their antibacterial activities. Food Chem.,, 2011, 124(2), 514-517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.062] [PMID: 30634259]
[38]
Khan, M.; Al-Saleem, M.S.M.; Alkhathlan, H.Z. A detailed study on chemical characterization of essential oil components of two Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia. J. Saudi Chem. Soc., 2016, 20(6), 711-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2016.03.006]
[39]
Pang, X.; Cao, J.; Wang, D.; Qiu, J.; Kong, F. Identification of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) volatiles and localization of aroma-active constituents by GC–olfactometry. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2017, 65(20), 4140-4145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00559] [PMID: 28393526]
[40]
Akarchariya, N.; Sirilun, S.; Julsrigival, J.; Chansakaowa, S. Chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb. collected in Thailand. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2017, 7(10), 881-885.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.009]
[41]
Yang, C.; Guo, F.; Zang, C.; Li, C.; Cao, H.; Zhang, B. The effect of ginger juice processing on the chemical profiles of rhizoma coptidis. Molecules, 2018, 23(2), 380.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020380] [PMID: 29439421]
[42]
Parthasarathy, V.A.; Chempakam, B.; Zachariah, T.J. Ginger. Chemistry of Spices, 1st ed; CABI International: Oxfordshire, 2008, pp. 70-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845934057.0000]
[43]
Parthasarathy, V.A.; Srinivasan, V.; Nair, R.R.; Zachariah, T.J.; Kumar, A.; Prasath, D. Ginger: Botany and horticulture. Horticultural Reviews; Janick, J., Ed.; Wiley-Blackwell: New Jersey, 2012, pp. 273-388.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118100592.ch7]
[44]
Sasidharan, I.; Menon, A.N. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh & dry ginger oils (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe). Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2010, 2(4), 40-43.
[45]
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A.; Mahdad, E.; Craker, L. Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces. Food Chem., 2013, 141(3), 2440-2449..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.098] [PMID: 23870979]
[46]
Meghwal, M.; Goswami, T. Evaluation of size reduction and power requirement in ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek powder. Adv. Powder Technol., 2010, 24(1), 427-435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2012.09.005]
[47]
Heindl, A.; Müller, J. Microwave drying of medicinal and aromatic plants. Stewart Postharvest Rev., 2007, 3(4), 1-6.
[48]
Zheljazkov, V.D.; Cantrell, C.L.; Astatkie, T.; Jeliazkova, E. Distillation time effect on lavender essential oil yield and composition. J. Oleo Sci., 2013, 62(4), 195-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.62.195] [PMID: 23535305]
[49]
Barbosa, L.C.A.; Demuner, A.J.; Clemente, A.D.; Paula, V.F.d.; Ismail, F.M.D. Seasonal variation in the composition of volatile oils from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Quim. Nova, 2007, 30(8), 1959-1965.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000800030]
[50]
dos Santos Cavalcanti, A.; Alves, M.S.; Silva, L.C.P.d.; Patrocínio, D.S.; Sanches, M.N.; Chaves, D.S.A.; Souza, M.A.A.d. Volatiles composition and extraction kinetics from Schinus terebinthifolius and Schinus molle leaves and fruit. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn., 2015, 25(4), 356-362.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.003]
[51]
Zheljazkov, V.D.; Astatkie, T.; Schlegel, V. Hydrodistillation extraction time effect on essential oil yield, composition, and bioactivity of coriander oil J. Oleo Sci., 2014, 63(9), 857-865..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess14014] [PMID: 25132088]