Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Author(s): Sonal Desai* and Pratima Tatke

DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190709203239

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Phytochemical Markers: Classification, Applications and Isolation

Page: [2491 - 2498] Pages: 8

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Explore Articles
About Journal
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers

Abstract

Background: There has been aroused demand for herbal drugs/products worldwide because of their fewer side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The major obstacle in the global acceptance of herbal products is the lack of proper standardization technique.

Methods: Various test procedures have been used for authentication and quality control of botanicals among which marker based standardization has attained more attention. The major challenge faced by phytochemist is to select appropriate phytochemical marker for quality control of herbal drugs. Phytochemical markers used for standardization must be of known purity. Phytochemical markers which are not commercially available have to be isolated from respective medicinal plants. Various chromatographic techniques are reported for the purification of phytomarkers from plants. A comprehensive report on different purification techniques of isolation of phytochemical markers through in-depth review of scientific literature is required.

Conclusion: This article highlights various classifications of phytochemical markers along with their applications in standardization of herbal drugs and various classical and modern analytical techniques for their isolation.

Keywords: Phytochemical markers, chromatography, herbal drugs, isolation, standardization, quality control.

[1]
Sumner J. The Natural History of Medicinal Plants. Oregon: Timber Press 2000.
[2]
Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M. Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medical Plants into Drugs. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609987]
[3]
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Research guidelines for evaluation the safety and efficacy of herbal medicine, Geneva 1993.
[4]
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Regulatory situation of herbal medicine. A worldwide review. Geneva 1998.
[5]
Chaudhuri AB. Endangered Medicinal Plants New Delhi: Daya Publishing House 2007.
[6]
Yaniv Z, Bachrach U. Handbook of Medicinal Plants New York: The Haworth Medical Press. 2005.
[7]
Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74603-4]
[8]
Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia 2010; 81(6): 462-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001] [PMID: 20156530]
[9]
Kiran U, Khan S, Mirza KJ, Ram M, Abdin MZ. SCAR markers: A potential tool for authentication of herbal drugs. Fitoterapia 2010; 81(8): 969-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.002] [PMID: 20723584]
[10]
Ekka NR, Namdeo KP, Samal PK. Standardization strategies for herbal drugs-An overview. Research J Pharm Tech 2008; 1(4): 310-2.
[11]
Mukherjee PK, Houghton PJ. Evaluation of Herbal Medicinal Products. UK: Pharmaceutical Press 2009.
[12]
Khushwaha SK, Khushwaha N, Maurya N, Rai AK. Role of markers in the standardization of herbal drugs: A Review. Arch Appl Sci Res 2010; 2(1): 225-9.
[13]
Joshi SP, Ranjekar PK, Gupta VS. Molecular markers in plant genome analysis. Curr Sci 1999; 77(2): 230-40.
[14]
Li S, Han Q, Qiao C, Song J, Lung Cheng C, Xu H. Chemical markers for the quality control of herbal medicines: An overview. Chin Med 2008; 3(7): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-3-7] [PMID: 18588699]
[15]
Waksmundzka-Hajnos M, Sherma J. High performance liquid chromatography in phytochemical analysis Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2010; Vol. 102. .
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10320]
[16]
Cao XY, Wang ZZ. Simultaneous determination of four iridoid and secoiridoid glycosides and comparative analysis of Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae and their related substitutes by HPLC. Phytochem Anal 2010; 21(4): 348-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.1206] [PMID: 20135711]
[17]
Jiang RW, Wong KL, Chan YM, Xu HX, But PP, Shaw PC. Isolation of iridoid and secoiridoid glycosides and comparative study on Radix gentianae and related adulterants by HPLC analysis. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(22): 2674-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.028] [PMID: 16289148]
[18]
Yi T, Fan L-L, Chen H-L, et al. Comparative analysis of diosgenin in Dioscorea species and related medicinal plants by UPLC-DAD-MS. BMC Biochem 2014; 15(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2091-15-19] [PMID: 25107333]
[19]
Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants Illustrated Dictionary. New York: Springer Science, Business Media, LLC 2007.
[20]
Aravind SG, Arimboor R, Rangan M, Madhavan SN, Arumughan C. Semi-preparative HPLC preparation and HPTLC quantification of tetrahydroamentoflavone as marker in Semecarpus anacardium and its polyherbal formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48(3): 808-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.008] [PMID: 18823732]
[21]
Kirtikar KR. Basu, BD. Indian Medicinal Plants.New Delhi: Periodical Experts. 1975; Vol. 3..
[22]
Chopra RN, Nayer SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants New Delhi: CSIR 1980.
[23]
Choudhury BR, Poddar MK. Andrographolide and kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extract: Effect on intestinal brush-border membrane-bound hydrolases. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1985; 7(12): 617-21.
[PMID: 3938507]
[24]
Nazimudeen SK, Ramaswamy S, Kameswaram L. Effect of Andrographis paniculata on snake venom induced death and its mechanism. Indian J Pharm Sci 1978; 40: 132-3.
[25]
Jain PK, Ravichandran V, Agrawal RK. High-performance thin layer chromatography method for estimation of andrographolide in herbal extract and polyherbal formulations. J Saudi Chem Soc 2010; 14(4): 383-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.03.001]
[26]
Xue Y, Zhu L, Yi T. Fingerprint analysis of Resina Draconis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Cent J 2017; 11(1): 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0299-8] [PMID: 29086860]
[27]
Chung BS, Shin MG. Dictionary of Korean Folk Medicine Korea: Young Lim Sa 1990.
[28]
Yoo HJ, Kang HJ, Jung HJ, Kim K, Lim CJ, Park EH. Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-nociceptive activities of Saururus chinensis extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120(2): 282-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.016] [PMID: 18790036]
[29]
Wang L, Cheng D, Wang H, et al. The hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects of Saururus chinensis against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 126(3): 487-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.009] [PMID: 19761824]
[30]
Ryu SY, Oh KS, Kim YS, Lee BH. Antihypertensive, vasorelaxant and inotropic effects of an ethanolic extract of the roots of Saururus chinensis. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 118(2): 284-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.011] [PMID: 18495395]
[31]
Chen HJ, Li X, Chen JW, Guo S, Cai BC. Simultaneous determination of eleven bioactive compounds in Saururus chinensis from different harvesting seasons by HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51(5): 1142-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.004] [PMID: 20004543]
[32]
Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JDSt. St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): A review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53(5): 583-600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775910] [PMID: 11370698]
[33]
Zobayed SMA, Murch SJ, Rupasinghe HPV, Saxena PK. In vitro production and chemical characterization of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. L. cv ‘New Stem). Plant Sci 2004; 166(2): 333-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.005]
[34]
Couceiro MA, Afreen F, Zobayed SMA, Kozai T. Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds of St. John’s wort: Effects of harvesting time, temperature and germplasm. Plant Sci 2006; 170(1): 128-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.08.011]
[35]
Majeed M, Badmaev V, Murray F. Turmeric and the Healing Curcuminoids USA: McGraw-Hill Professional 1999.
[36]
Sharma R. Improve Your Health with Turmeric and Alum 2005.
[37]
Moritz A. Timeless Secrets of Health and Rejuvenation USA: Ener-Chi Wellness Press 2005.
[38]
Apisariyakul A, Vanittanakom N, Buddhasukh D. Antifungal activity of turmeric oil extracted from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 49(3): 163-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01320-2] [PMID: 8824742]
[39]
Jain V, Prasad V, Pal R, Singh S. Standardization and stability studies of neuroprotective lipid soluble fraction obtained from Curcuma longa. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44(5): 1079-86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.05.009] [PMID: 17590557]
[40]
Yi T, Fang J-Y, Zhu L, et al. The variation in the major constituents of the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuanxiong) after herbal processing. Chin Med 2016; 11(1): 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-016-0098-5] [PMID: 27222661]
[41]
Who Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plant. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1999; Vol. 1..
[42]
Sinclair S. Chinese herbs: A clinical review of Astragalus, Ligusticum, and Schizandrae. Altern Med Rev 1998; 3(5): 338-44.
[PMID: 9802911]
[43]
Zhao KS, Mancini C, Doria G. Enhancement of the immune response in mice by Astragalus membranaceus extracts. Immunopharmacology 1990; 20(3): 225-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3109(90)90038-G] [PMID: 2149722]
[44]
Sheng MX, Li JZ, Wang HY. Therapeutic effect of Astragalus and Angelica on renal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Chin J Integr Tradit Western Med 2001; 21(4): 43-6.
[45]
Hou JP, Jin Y. The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes Binghamton: Haworth Press 2005.
[46]
Song JZ, Yiu HH, Qiao CF, Han QB, Xu HX, Xu HX. Chemical comparison and classification of Radix astragali by determination of isoflavonoids and astragalosides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47(2): 399-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.036] [PMID: 18272311]
[47]
Zhu L, Liang Z-T, Yi T, et al. Comparison of chemical profiles between the root and aerial parts from three Bupleurum species based on a UHPLC-QTOF-MS metabolomics approach. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17(1): 305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1816-y] [PMID: 28606186]
[48]
Sarker SD, Latif Z, Gray AI. Natural Product Isolation. Humana Press 2005.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592599559]
[49]
Sherma J, Fried B. Hand Book of TLC 2nd ed New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1996.
[50]
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 19th ed. Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company 1995; Vol. I.
[51]
Canell RJP. Natural Product Isolation New Jersey: Humana Press 1998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-256-2]
[52]
Males Z, Medić-Sarić M. Optimization of TLC analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids of Helleborus atrorubens Waldst. et Kit. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24(3): 353-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00455-6] [PMID: 11199214]
[53]
Colegate SM, Molyneux RJ. Bioactive Natural Products Detection, Isolation, and Structural Determination. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press. In: 2008.
[54]
Mathias EV, Halkar UP. Separation and characterization of lignin compounds from the walnut (Juglans regia) shell oil using preparative TLC, GC–MS and 1H NMR. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2004; 71(2): 515-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2003.08.005]
[55]
Asen S. Preparative thin-layer chromatography of anthocyanins. J Chromatogr A 1965; 18(3): 602-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80424-6] [PMID: 5840062]
[56]
Parris NA. Instrumental liquid chromatography: A practical manual on high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Elsevier Science Publishers B V Parris 1984.
[57]
Hostettmann K, Marston A, Hostettmann M. Preparative chromatography techniques: Applications in natural product isolation. 1998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03631-0]
[58]
Poole CF. The Essence of Chromatography. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. 2003.
[59]
Yamasaki RB, Klocke JA, Lee SM, Stone GA, Darlington MV. Isolation and purification of azadirachtin from neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds using flash chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986; 356: 220-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)91483-3]
[60]
Yamasaki RB, Ritland TG, Barnby MA, Klocke JA. Isolation and purification of salannin from neem seeds and its quantification in neem and chinaberry seeds and leaves. J Chromat 1988; 447: 277-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91486-4]
[61]
Schroeder DR, Nakanishi K. A simplified isolation procedure for azadirachtin. J Nat Prod 1987; 50(2): 241-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50050a023] [PMID: 3655797]
[62]
Yi T, Zhang H, Xie J, Xue D. A new procedure for the preparative separation and isolation of Z-ligustilide from the roots of Angelica sinensis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30(12): 1973-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700001] [PMID: 17638355]
[63]
Syukri D, Darwis D, Santoni A. Preparative HPLC for the purification of major anthocyanins from Ficus padana burm. L. Res J Chem Sci 2013; 3(12): 60-4.
[64]
Shrivastava M. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14025-9]
[65]
Arenas C, Rodriguez-Hahn L. Limonoids from Trichilia havanensis. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(9): 2953-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)87113-9]
[66]
Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Shimano R. Three xanthones from root bark of Garcinia subelliptica. Phytochemistry 1995; 38(1): 247-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00595-K]
[67]
Carlton RR, Gray AI, Lavaud C, Massiot G, Waterman PG. Kaempferol-3-(2,3-diacetoxy-4-p-coumaroyl) rhamnoside from leaves of Myrica gale. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(7): 2369-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)83081-B]
[68]
Hostettmann K, Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Sticher O. Rapid preparative separation of natural products by centrifugal thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980; 202(1): 154-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80093-X]
[69]
Deyl Z, Rosmus J, Pavlícek M. Centrifugal chromatography. Chromatogr Rev 1964; 6: 19-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-5907(64)80004-1] [PMID: 5337012]
[70]
Orsini F, Verotta L. Separation of natural polar substances by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, centrifugal thin-layer chromatography and droplet counter-current chromatography. J Chromat 1985; 349(1): 69-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)90634-4]
[71]
Hostettmarm-Kaldas M, Hostettmann K, Sticher O. Xanthones, flavones and secoiridoids of american Gentiana species. Phytochemistry 1981; 20(3): 443-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84162-X]
[72]
Moldoveanu S, David V. Sample Preparation in Chromatography Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV 2002.
[73]
Thompson RQ, Loa K. Applications of argentation solid phase extraction to the capsaicinoids: Purification of commercial standards and isolation of homodihydrocapsaicin (8-methyl) from ‘Bhut Jolokia. Food Chem 2011; 126(3): 1424-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.128]
[74]
Klejdus B, Vitamvasova D, Kuban V. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of isoflavones in plant materials after isolation by solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 1999; 839(1-2): 261-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00110-7]
[75]
Buszewski B, Kawka S, Suprynowicz Z, Wolski T. Simultaneous isolation of Rutin and Esculin from plant material and drugs using solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11(3): 211-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(93)80199-B] [PMID: 8518320]
[76]
Dobrev PI, Havlícek L, Vagner M, Malbeck J, Kamínek M. Purifi-cation and determination of plant hormones auxin and abscisic acid using solid phase extraction and two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075(1-2): 159-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.091] [PMID: 15974129]
[77]
Tian M, Yan H, Row KH. Solid-phase extraction of tanshinones from Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge using ionic liquid-modified silica sorbents. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877(8-9): 738-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.012] [PMID: 19237325]
[78]
Hostettmann K, Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Nakanishi K. Droplet counter-current chromatography for the preparative isolation of various glycosides. J Chromatogr A 1979; 170(2): 355-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)95460-8]
[79]
Kery A. Turiak Gy, Tetenyi P. Isolation of parthenolide by droplet counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988; 446: 157-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94428-5]
[80]
Francis GW, Andersen OM. Droplet counter-current chromatography of anthocyanins. J Chromatogr A 1984; 283: 445-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96289-7] [PMID: 6707125]
[81]
Kubo I, Matsumoto A, Hanke FJ, Ayafor JF. Analytical droplet counter-current chromatography isolation of 20-hydroxyecdysone from Vitex thyrsiflora (Verbenaceae). J Chromat 1985; 32(1): 246-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90442-X]
[82]
Kubo I, Klocke JA, Ganjian I, Ichikawa N, Matsumoto T. Efficient isolation of phytoecdysones from Ajuga plants by high performance liquid chromatography and droplet countercurrent chromatography. J Chromat 1983; 257: 157-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88168-1]
[83]
Marshall GT, Kinghorn AD. Isolation of phorbol and 4α-phorbol from croton oil by droplet counter- current chromatography. J Chromat 1981; 206: 421-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)82560-1]
[84]
Otsuka H, Ogihara Y, Shibata S. Isolation of coclaurine from Zyziphus jujuba by droplet counter- current chromatography. Phytochemistry 1974; 13(9): 2016.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)85153-8]
[85]
Wei Y, Xie Q, Fisher D, Sutherland IA. Preparative isolation of imperatorin, oxypeucedanin and isoimperatorin from a traditional Chinese herb using a HSCCC strategy based on optimization of rapid flow rate. Chromatographia 2009; 70(7-8): 1185-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1282-x]
[86]
Yi T, Zhu L, Zhu G-Y, et al. HSCCC-based strategy for preparative separation of in vivo metabolites after administration of an herbal medicine: Saussurea laniceps, a case study. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 33036.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep33036] [PMID: 27618988]
[87]
Hostettmann K, Marston A, Hostettmann M. Preparative chromatography techniques: Applications in natural product isolation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1998.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03631-0]
[88]
Zuo H-L, Yang F-Q, Huang W-H, Xia Z-N. Preparative gas chromatography and its applications. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51(7): 704-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmt040] [PMID: 23592825]
[89]
Park HE, Yang S-O, Hyun S-H, Park SJ, Choi H-K, Marriott PJ. Simple preparative gas chromatographic method for isolation of menthol and menthone from peppermint oil, with quantitative GC-MS and (1) H NMR assay. J Sep Sci 2012; 35(3): 416-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201100670] [PMID: 22213698]
[90]
Yang FQ, Wang HK, Chen H, Chen JD, Xia ZN. Fractionation of volatile constituents from curcuma rhizome by preparative gas chromatography. J Autom Methods Manag Chem 2011; 2011942467
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/942467] [PMID: 21876660]
[91]
Vasapollo G, Sole RD, Mergola L, et al. Molecularly imprinted polymers: Present and future prospective. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12(9): 5908-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms12095908] [PMID: 22016636]
[92]
Chen L, Wang X, Lu W, Wu X, Li J. Molecular imprinting: Perspectives and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45(8): 2137-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00061D] [PMID: 26936282]
[93]
Wang L, Fu W, Shen Y, Tan H, Xu H. Molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of Oblongifolin C from Garcinia yunnanensis Hu. Molecules 2017; 22(4): 508.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040508] [PMID: 28333096]
[94]
Hosny H, El Gohary N, Saad E, Handoussa H, El Nashar RM. Isolation of sinapic acid from broccoli using molecularly imprinted polymers. J Sep Sci 2018; 41(5): 1164-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201701120] [PMID: 29239525]
[95]
Khopkar SM. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry 1998.
[96]
Xin-zhou Y, Yi-ping Y, Chun-ping T. Rapid Identification of Bibenzyls of Stemona sessilvolia using Hyphenated LC-W-NMR and LC-MS Methods. Chem Res Chin Univ 2007; 23(1): 48-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1005-9040(07)60010-5]
[97]
Kuo CH, Lee CW, Lin SC, et al. Rapid determination of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal products and biological samples by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 80(5): 1672-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.10.003] [PMID: 20152395]
[98]
Deng X, Gao G, Zheng S, Li F. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the leaves of Isatis indigatica Fort. by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with PDA and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48(3): 562-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.020] [PMID: 18585883]
[99]
Hou Z, Luo J, Wang J, Kong L. Separation of minor coumarins from Peucedanum praeruptorum using HSCCC and preparative HPLC guided by HPLC/MS. Separ Purif Tech 2010; 75(2): 132-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.08.007]
[100]
Aberham A, Pieri V, Croom EM Jr, Ellmerer E, Stuppner H. Analysis of iridoids, secoiridoids and xanthones in Centaurium erythraea, Frasera caroliniensis and Gentiana lutea using LC-MS and RP-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54(3): 517-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.030] [PMID: 21050691]
[101]
Bystrom LM, Lewis BA, Brown DL, Rodriguez E, Obendorf RL. Characterization of phenolics by LC-UV/vis, LC-MS/MS and sugars by GC in Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. ‘Montgomery’ fruits. Food Chem 2008; 111(4): 1017-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.058] [PMID: 21709744]
[102]
Rosso VV, Hillebrand S, Montilla EC, Bobbio FO, Winterhalter P, Mercadante AZ. Determination of anthocyanins from Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) and Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) by HPLC–PDA–MS/MS. J Food Compos Anal 2008; 21(4): 291-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2008.01.001]
[103]
Yi T, Chen H-B, Zhao Z-Z, Jiang Z-H, Cai S-Q, Wang T-M. Comparative analysis of the major constituents in the traditional Tibetan medicinal plants Saussurea laniceps and S. medusa by LC-DAD-MS. Chromatographia 2009; 70(5-6): 957-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1240-7]
[104]
Holscher D, Schneider B. HPLC-NMR of phenylphenalenones and stilbene from Anigozanthos flavidus. Phytochemistry 1999; 50(1): 155-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00495-6]
[105]
Mathias EV, Halkar UP. Separation and characterization of lignin compounds from the walnut (Juglans regia) shell oil using preparative TLC, GC-MS and 1H NMR. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2004; 71(2): 515-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2003.08.005]
[106]
Imbs AB, Rodkina SA. Isolation of 2-methyl branched unsaturated very long fatty acids from marine sponge Halichondria panicea and identification of them by GC-MS and NMR. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 129(2): 173-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.01.002] [PMID: 15081858]
[107]
Yi T, Li S-M, Fan J-Y, et al. Comparative analysis of EPA and DHA in fish oil nutritional capsules by GC-MS. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13(1): 190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-190] [PMID: 25496531]