Abstract
Plant development is different from animals by many fundamental aspects; as they have
immobilized cells, a rigid cell wall, and the large central vacuole. Plant growth and cell division are
restricted to the specific area of the shoot and root called meristems. Plants have the ability to carry
out differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. In plants, the growth and differentiation
processes are controlled by hormonal and genetic factors. Phytohormones can exert independent/
dependent actions on plant growth and development. A pool of stem cells is placed at the niche of
the apex meristem, which is the source of self-renewal of the cell system and its maintenance to
provide cells to differentiated tissues. A complex interaction network between hormones and other
factors maintains a balance between cell division and differentiation. Auxins promote the growth,
gibberellins’ function in seed germination, cytokinin’s influence on cell division and delay leaf
senescence; abscisic acid promotes the stomatal closure and bud dormancy, while salicylic acid
promotes resistance against different diseases. Plants are often exposed to different abiotic and biotic
stresses, for example, heat, cold, drought, salinity etc., whereas biotic stress arises mainly from
fungi, bacteria, insect, etc. Phytohormones play a critical role in well-developed mechanisms that
help to perceive the stress signal and enable the plant’s optimal growth response. In this review, we
studied both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors which govern growth and differentiation of plants
under normal and stress condition. This review also deals with genetic modifications occurring in
the cell and cell signaling during growth and differentiation.
Keywords:
Plant hormones, meristem, environmental stress, signalling, differentiation, genetic factors.
Graphical Abstract
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