Tear Inflammatory Molecules in Contact Lens Wearers: A Literature Review

Alberto        López-de la Rosa; María    J.    González-García; Margarita        Calonge; Amalia        Enríquez-de-Salamanca
Abstract

Background: Numerous studies have analysed the effect of using different Contact Lenses (CLs) or care solutions, and suffering discomfort or diseases associated with CL wear on the inflammatory mediator release into the tears.
Objective: To summarize the published data on tear inflammatory molecules related to CL use.
Methods: A PubMed-NCBI search has been conducted and those publications which carried out original investigations including the analysis of tear inflammatory mediators in CL wearers were selected.
Results: Forty-three articles, from 1990 to 2019, have been included. Wearing hydrogel CLs, rigid gas permeable CLs, and special designs for irregular corneas in keratoconus patients (CLs with keratoconic design, hybrid CLs, piggyback fit, and scleral CLs) have been reported to alter the concentration of several molecules in tears. Moreover, there seems to be an effect of the wearing time and schedule, CL materials and designs, and care solutions used. Regarding CL discomfort, its relation with inflammatory mediators is not clear. However, some diseases associated to CL wear, such as giant papillary conjunctivitis, CL induced acute red eye, CL induced peripheral ulcer, and acanthamoeba keratitis have been related to the release of certain inflammatory mediators, which may serve as potential biomarkers.
Conclusion: There is evidence suggesting that different aspects of CL wear alter the inflammatory mediator profile in tears, which may indicate an inflammatory state of the lacrimal functional unit. However, more studies need to be carried out to better understand how this inflammatory process works and its repercussion on the different aspects of CL wear.
Keywords: Contact lens, tear, inflammation, mediator, biomarker, molecule, CL discomfort.
[1] 
Zhou, L.; Beuerman, R.W. Tear analysis in ocular surface diseases. Prog. Retin. Eye Res.,  2012, 31(6), 527-550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.002] [PMID:  22732126] 
[2] 
von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul, N.; Funke, S.; Grus, F.H. Tears as a source of biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases. Exp. Eye Res.,  2013, 117, 126-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.015] [PMID:  23880526] 
[3] 
Hagan, S.; Martin, E.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J.,  2016, 7, 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13167-016-0065-3] [PMID:  27413414] 
[4] 
Borish, L.C.; Steinke, J.W. 2. Cytokines and chemokines. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.,  2003, 111(2)(Suppl.), S460-S475.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.108] [PMID:  12592293] 
[5] 
Thacker, M.A.; Clark, A.K.; Marchand, F.; McMahon, S.B. Pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic pain: immune cells and molecules. Anesth. Analg.,  2007, 105(3), 838-847.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000275190.42912.37] [PMID:  17717248] 
[6] 
Üçeyler, N.; Sommer, C. Cytokine-induced pain: basic science and clinical implications. Rev. Analg.,  2007, 9(2), 87-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000007783992807] 
[7] 
Niederkorn, J.Y.; Peeler, J.S.; Mellon, J. Phagocytosis of particulate antigens by corneal epithelial cells stimulates interleukin-1 secretion and migration of Langerhans cells into the central cornea. Reg. Immunol.,  1989, 2(2), 83-90.
[PMID:  2641920] 
[8] 
Tanaka, T.; Kishimoto, T. The biology and medical implications of interleukin-6. Cancer Immunol. Res.,  2014, 2(4), 288-294.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0022] [PMID:  24764575] 
[9] 
Cubitt, C.L.; Tang, Q.; Monteiro, C.A.; Lausch, R.N.; Oakes, J.E. IL-8 gene expression in cultures of human corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  1993, 34(11), 3199-3206.
[PMID:  7691777] 
[10] 
Wilson, S.E.; Liang, Q.; Kim, W.J. Lacrimal gland HGF, KGF, and EGF mRNA levels increase after corneal epithelial wounding. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  1999, 40(10), 2185-2190.
[PMID:  10476782] 
[11] 
Kasemkijwattana, C.; Menetrey, J.; Bosch, P.; Somogyi, G.; Moreland, M.S.; Fu, F.H.; Buranapanitkit, B.; Watkins, S.S.; Huard, J. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.,  2000, (370), 272-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200001000-00028] [PMID:  10660723] 
[12] 
Taipale, J.; Saharinen, J.; Keski-Oja, J. Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-beta: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv. Cancer Res.,  1998, 75, 87-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60740-X] [PMID:  9709808] 
[13] 
Sivak, J.M.; Fini, M.E. MMPs in the eye: emerging roles for matrix metalloproteinases in ocular physiology. Prog. Retin. Eye Res.,  2002, 21(1), 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-9462(01)00015-5] [PMID:  11906808] 
[14] 
Gordon, G.M.; Ledee, D.R.; Feuer, W.J.; Fini, M.E. Cytokines and signaling pathways regulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in corneal epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol.,  2009, 221(2), 402-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21869] [PMID:  19626678] 
[15] 
Borgeat, P.; Samuelsson, B. Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,  1979, 76(7), 3213-3217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.7.3213] [PMID:  290996] 
[16] 
Huang, W.W.; Garcia-Zepeda, E.A.; Sauty, A.; Oettgen, H.C.; Rothenberg, M.E.; Luster, A.D. Molecular and biological characterization of the murine leukotriene B4 receptor expressed on eosinophils. J. Exp. Med.,  1998, 188(6), 1063-1074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.6.1063] [PMID:  9743525] 
[17] 
Lee, K.S.; Kim, S.R.; Park, H.S.; Jin, G.Y.; Lee, Y.C. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist regulates vascular permeability by reducing vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.,  2004, 114(5), 1093-1099.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.07.039] [PMID:  15536415] 
[18] 
Sack, R.; Conradi, L.; Beaton, A.; Sathe, S.; McNamara, N.; Leonardi, A. Antibody array characterization of inflammatory mediators in allergic and normal tears in the open and closed eye environments. Exp. Eye Res.,  2007, 85(4), 528-538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2007.07.004] [PMID:  17719576] 
[19] 
LaFrance, M.W.; Kehinde, L.E.; Fullard, R.J. Multiple cytokine analysis in human tears: an optimized procedure for cytometric bead-based assay. Curr. Eye Res.,  2008, 33(7), 525-544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713680802190085] [PMID:  18600485] 
[20] 
Carreño, E.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Tesón, M.; García-Vázquez, C.; Stern, M.E.; Whitcup, S.M.; Calonge, M. Cytokine and chemokine levels in tears from healthy subjects. Acta Ophthalmol.,  2010, 88(7), e250-e258.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01978.x] [PMID:  20738261] 
[21] 
Benito, M.J.; González-García, M.J.; Tesón, M.; García, N.; Fernández, I.; Calonge, M.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A. Intra- and inter-day variation of cytokines and chemokines in tears of healthy subjects. Exp. Eye Res.,  2014, 120, 43-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.017] [PMID:  24412438] 
[22] 
Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Bonini, S.; Calonge, M. Molecular and cellular biomarkers in dry eye disease and ocular allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol.,  2012, 12(5), 523-533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e328357b488] [PMID:  22895048] 
[23] 
Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Calonge, M. Cytokines and chemokines in immune-based ocular surface inflammation. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol.,  2008, 4(4), 457-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.4.4.457] [PMID:  20477574] 
[24] 
Lam, H.; Bleiden, L.; de Paiva, C.S.; Farley, W.; Stern, M.E.; Pflugfelder, S.C. Tear cytokine profiles in dysfunctional tear syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol.,  2009, 147, 198-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.032] [PMID:  18992869] 
[25] 
Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Castellanos, E.; Stern, M.E.; Fernández, I.; Carreño, E.; García-Vázquez, C.; Herreras, J.M.; Calonge, M. Tear cytokine and chemokine analysis and clinical correlations in evaporative-type dry eye disease. Mol. Vis.,  2010, 16, 862-873.
[PMID:  20508732] 
[26] 
Riemens, A.; Stoyanova, E.; Rothova, A.; Kuiper, J. Cytokines in tear fluid of patients with ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Mol. Vis.,  2012, 18, 797-802.
[PMID:  22509110] 
[27] 
Jung, J.W.; Han, S.J.; Song, M.K.; Kim, T.I.; Kim, E.K.; Min, Y.H.; Cheong, J.W.; Seo, K.Y. Tear cytokines as biomarkers for chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant.,  2015, 21(12), 2079-2085.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.08.020] [PMID:  26303101] 
[28] 
Cocho, L.; Fernández, I.; Calonge, M.; Martínez, V.; González-García, M.J.; Caballero, D.; López-Corral, L.; García-Vázquez, C.; Vázquez, L.; Stern, M.E.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A. Biomarkers in ocular chronic graft versus host disease: tear cytokine- and chemokine-based predictive model. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2016, 57(2), 746-758.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18615] [PMID:  26927568] 
[29] 
Cocho, L.; Fernández, I.; Calonge, M.; Sainz de la Maza, M.; Rovira, M.; Stern, M.E.; Garcia-Vazquez, C.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A. Prehematopoietic stem cell transplantation tear cytokines as potential susceptibility biomarkers for ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2017, 58(11), 4836-4846.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-21670] [PMID:  28973330] 
[30] 
Tesón, M.; González-García, M.J.; López-Miguel, A.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Martín-Montañez, V.; Benito, M.J.; Mateo, M.E.; Stern, M.E.; Calonge, M. Influence of a controlled environment simulating an in-flight airplane cabin on dry eye disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2013, 54(3), 2093-2099.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-11361] [PMID:  23412090] 
[31] 
López-Miguel, A.; Tesón, M.; Martín-Montañez, V.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Stern, M.E.; Calonge, M.; González-García, M.J. Dry eye exacerbation in patients exposed to desiccating stress under controlled environmental conditions. Am. J. Ophthalmol.,  2014, 157(4), 788-798.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.01.001] [PMID:  24412126] 
[32] 
López-Miguel, A.; Tesón, M.; Martín-Montañez, V.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; Stern, M.E.; González-García, M.J.; Calonge, M. Clinical and molecular inflammatory response in sjögren syndrome-associated dry eye patients under desiccating stress. Am. J. Ophthalmol.,  2016, 161, 133-41.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.09.039] [PMID:  26456254] 
[33] 
Calonge, M.; Pinto-Fraga, J.; González-García, M.J.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; López-de la Rosa, A.; Fernández, I.; López-Miguel, A. Effects of the external environment on dry eye disease. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin.,  2017, 57(2), 23-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO.0000000000000168] [PMID:  28282312] 
[34] 
Calonge, M.; Labetoulle, M.; Messmer, E.M.; Shah, S.; Akova, Y.A.; Boboridis, K.G.; Merayo-Lloves, J.; Aragona, P.; Benítez-Del-Castillo, J.; Geerling, G.; Rolando, M.; Baudouin, C. Controlled adverse environment chambers in dry eye research. Curr. Eye Res.,  2018, 43(4), 445-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2017.1420197] [PMID:  29336696] 
[35] 
Morgan, P.B.; Woods, C.A.; Tranoudis, I.G.; Helland, M.; Efron, N.; Jones, L.; van Beusekom, M.; Grupcheva, C.N.; Jones, D.; Beeler-Kaupke, M.; Qi, P.; Tan, K.O.; Krasnanska, J.; Pult, H.; Ravn, O.; Santodomingo-Rebido, J.; Végh, M.; Fan, C.H.; Erdinets, N.; Jafari, A.R.; Montani, G.; Itoi, M.; Chu, S.B.; Bendoriene, J.; Ziziuchin, V.; van der Worp, E.; Lam, W.; Romualdez-Oo, J.; Abesamis-Dichoso, C.; González-Méijone, J.M.; Belousov, V.; Gierow, P.; Stabuc Silih, M.; Hsiao, J.; Nichols, J.J. International contact lens prescribing in 2016. Contact Lens Spectr.,  2017, 32, 30-35.
[36] 
Willcox, M.D.; Zhao, Z.; Naduvilath, T.; Lazon de la Jara, P. Cytokine changes in tears and relationship to contact lens discomfort. Mol. Vis.,  2015, 21, 293-305.
[PMID:  25814827] 
[37] 
Markoulli, M.; Papas, E.; Cole, N.; Holden, B. Effect of contact lens wear on the diurnal profile of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in tears. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2013, 90(5), 419-429.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31828d7d3b] [PMID:  23563442] 
[38] 
Yucekul, B.; Mocan, M.C.; Kocabeyoglu, S.; Tan, C.; Irkec, M. Evaluation of long-term silicone hydrogel use on ocular surface inflammation and tear function in patients with and without meibomian gland dysfunction. Eye Contact Lens,  2019, 45(1), 61-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000526] [PMID:  29944505] 
[39] 
Dogru, M.; Ward, S.K.; Wakamatsu, T.; Ibrahim, O.; Schnider, C.; Kojima, T.; Matsumoto, Y.; Ogawa, J.; Shimazaki, J.; Tsubota, K. The effects of 2 week senofilcon-A silicone hydrogel contact lens daily wear on tear functions and ocular surface health status. Cont. Lens Anterior Eye,  2011, 34(2), 77-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2010.12.001] [PMID:  21190890] 
[40] 
Poyraz, C.; Irkec, M.; Mocan, M.C. Elevated tear interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels associated with silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens,  2012, 38(3), 146-149.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182482910] [PMID:  22415150] 
[41] 
Yüksel Elgin, C.; İskeleli, G.; Talaz, S.; Akyol, S. Comparative analysis of tear film levels of inflammatory mediators in contact lens users. Curr. Eye Res.,  2016, 41(4), 441-447.
[PMID:  26079169] 
[42] 
Chao, C.; Stapleton, F.; Willcox, M.D.P.; Golebiowski, B.; Richdale, K. Preinflammatory Signs in established reusable and disposable contact lens wearers. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2017, 94(11), 1003-1008.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001129] [PMID:  28858005] 
[43] 
Thakur, A.; Willcox, M.D. Contact lens wear alters the production of certain inflammatory mediators in tears. Exp. Eye Res.,  2000, 70(3), 255-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1999.0767] [PMID:  10712811] 
[44] 
Barba Gallardo, L.F.; Muñoz Ortega, M.H.; Ventura Juarez, J.; Aldaba Muruato, L.R.; Sánchez Alemán, E.; Valdez Morales, E.E.; Blancas Zugarazo, S.S.; Villafan Bernal, J.R. Extended low oxygen transmissibility contact lens use induces alterations in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, enzymes and electrolytes in tear fluid. Exp. Ther. Med.,  2018, 15(5), 4291-4297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5989] [PMID:  29849773] 
[45] 
Kallinikos, P.; Morgan, P.; Efron, N. Assessment of stromal keratocytes and tear film inflammatory mediators during extended wear of contact lenses. Cornea,  2006, 25(1), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000167877.11687.7e] [PMID:  16331033] 
[46] 
González-Pérez, J.; Villa-Collar, C.; Sobrino Moreiras, T.; Lema Gesto, I.; González-Méijome, J.M.; Rodríguez-Ares, M.T.; Parafita, M. Tear film inflammatory mediators during continuous wear of contact lenses and corneal refractive therapy. Br. J. Ophthalmol.,  2012, 96(8), 1092-1098.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301527] [PMID:  22694966] 
[47] 
Jung, J.W.; Han, S.H.; Park, S.Y.; Kim, E.K.; Seo, K.Y.; Kim, T.I. Effects of pigment location in tinted contact lenses on the ocular surface. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2016, 93(8), 997-1003.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000880] [PMID:  27232903] 
[48] 
Martín-Montañez, V.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; López-de la Rosa, A.; López-Miguel, A.; Fernández, I.; Calonge, M.; González-Méijome, J.M.; González-García, M.J. Effect of environmental conditions on the concentration of tear inflammatory mediators during contact lens wear. Cornea,  2016, 35(9), 1192-1198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000960] [PMID:  27442313] 
[49] 
van Setten, G.B.; Tervo, T.; Andersson, R.; Perheentupa, J.; Tarkkanen, A. Plasmin and epidermal growth factor in the tear fluid of contact-lens wearers: effect of wearing different types of contact lenses and association with clinical findings. Ophthalmic Res.,  1990, 22(4), 233-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000267028] [PMID:  2150979] 
[50] 
Chao, C.; Golebiowski, B.; Stapleton, F.; Richdale, K. Changes in tear cytokine concentrations following discontinuation of soft contact lenses-A pilot study. Eye Contact Lens,  2016, 42(4), 237-243.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000182] [PMID:  26309026] 
[51] 
Schultz, C.L.; Kunert, K.S. Interleukin-6 levels in tears of contact lens wearers. J. Interferon Cytokine Res.,  2000, 20(3), 309-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107999000312441] [PMID:  10762078] 
[52] 
Swarbrick, H.A. Orthokeratology review and update. Clin. Exp. Optom.,  2006, 89(3), 124-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00044.x] [PMID:  16637967] 
[53] 
Fodor, M.; Kolozsvári, B.L.; Petrovski, G.; Kettesy, B.A.; Gogolák, P.; Rajnavölgyi, É.; Ujhelyi, B.; Módis, L.; Petrovski, B.É.; Szima, G.Z.; Berta, A.; Facskó, A. Effect of contact lens wear on the release of tear mediators in keratoconus. Eye Contact Lens,  2013, 39(2), 147-152.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e318273b35f] [PMID:  23411991] 
[54] 
Lema, I.; Durán, J.A.; Ruiz, C.; Díez-Feijoo, E.; Acera, A.; Merayo, J. Inflammatory response to contact lenses in patients with keratoconus compared with myopic subjects. Cornea,  2008, 27(7), 758-763.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31816a3591] [PMID:  18650659] 
[55] 
González-Pérez, J.; Villa-Collar, C.; González-Méijome, J.M.; Porta, N.G.; Parafita, M.Á. Long-term changes in corneal structure and tear inflammatory mediators after orthokeratology and LASIK. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2012, 53(9), 5301-5311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-9155] [PMID:  22789928] 
[56] 
Downie, L.E.; Lindsay, R.G. Contact lens management of keratoconus. Clin. Exp. Optom.,  2015, 98(4), 299-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12300] [PMID:  26104589] 
[57] 
Steele, C.; Davidson, J. Contact lens fitting post-laser-in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Cont. Lens Anterior Eye,  2007, 30(2), 84-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2006.12.005] [PMID:  17329148] 
[58] 
Pannebaker, C.; Chandler, H.L.; Nichols, J.J. Tear proteomics in keratoconus. Mol. Vis.,  2010, 16, 1949-1957.
[PMID:  21031023] 
[59] 
Acar, B.T.; Vural, E.T.; Acar, S. Effects of contact lenses on the ocular surface in patients with keratoconus: piggyback versus ClearKone hybrid lenses. Eye Contact Lens,  2012, 38(1), 43-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31823ff181] [PMID:  22157394] 
[60] 
Carracedo, G.; Blanco, M.S.; Martin-Gil, A.; Zicheng, W.; Alvarez, J.C.; Pintor, J. Short-term effect of scleral lens on the dry eye biomarkers in keratoconus. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2016, 93(2), 150-157.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000788] [PMID:  26657697] 
[61] 
Lema, I.; Durán, J.A. Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus. Ophthalmology,  2005, 112(4), 654-659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.050] [PMID:  15808258] 
[62] 
Jun, A.S.; Cope, L.; Speck, C.; Feng, X.; Lee, S.; Meng, H.; Hamad, A.; Chakravarti, S. Subnormal cytokine profile in the tear fluid of keratoconus patients. PLoS One,  2011, 6(1)e16437
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016437] [PMID:  21298010] 
[63] 
Kalsow, C.M.; Reindel, W.T.; Merchea, M.M.; Bateman, K.M.; Barr, J.T. Tear cytokine response to multipurpose solutions for contact lenses. Clin. Ophthalmol.,  2013, 7, 1291-1302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S44642] [PMID:  23847409] 
[64] 
Nichols, K.K.; Redfern, R.L.; Jacob, J.T.; Nelson, J.D.; Fonn, D.; Forstot, S.L.; Huang, J.F.; Holden, B.A.; Nichols, J.J. Members of the TFOS International Workshop on Contact Lens Discomfort. The TFOS international workshop on contact lens discomfort: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2013, 54(11), TFOS14-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-13074] [PMID:  24058134] 
[65] 
Richdale, K.; Sinnott, L.T.; Skadahl, E.; Nichols, J.J. Frequency of and factors associated with contact lens dissatisfaction and discontinuation. Cornea,  2007, 26(2), 168-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000248382.32143.86] [PMID:  17251807] 
[66] 
López-de la Rosa, A.; Martín-Montañez, V.; López-Miguel, A.; Calonge, M.; Enríquez-de-Salamanca, A.; González-García, M.J. Corneal sensitivity and inflammatory biomarkers in contact lens discomfort. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2016, 93(8), 892-900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000784] [PMID:  26636403] 
[67] 
Masoudi, S.; Zhao, Z.; Stapleton, F.; Willcox, M. Contact lens-induced discomfort and inflammatory mediator changes in tears. Eye Contact Lens,  2017, 43(1), 40-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000237] [PMID:  26808700] 
[68] 
Masoudi, S.; Stapleton, F.J.; Willcox, M.D.P. Differences in tear film biochemistry of symptomatic and asymptomatic lens wearers. Optom. Vis. Sci.,  2017, 94(9), 914-918.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001110] [PMID:  28816866] 
[69] 
Liu, Q.; McDermott, A.M.; Miller, W.L. Elevated nerve growth factor in dry eye associated with established contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens,  2009, 35(5), 232-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e3181b3e87f] [PMID:  19672199] 
[70] 
Gad, A.; Vingrys, A.J.; Wong, C.Y.; Jackson, D.C.; Downie, L.E. Tear film inflammatory cytokine upregulation in contact lens discomfort. Ocul. Surf.,  2019, 17(1), 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2018.10.004] [PMID:  30321605] 
[71] 
Igarashi, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Yaguchi, C.; Fujimoto, C.; Suzuki, H.; Takahashi, H. Efficacy of rebamipide instillation for contact lens discomfort with dry eye. Eye Contact Lens,  2018, 44(Suppl. 2), S137-S142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000438] [PMID:  29135738] 
[72] 
Downie, L.E.; Gad, A.; Wong, C.Y.; Gray, J.H.V.; Zeng, W.; Jackson, D.C.; Vingrys, A.J. Modulating contact lens discomfort with anti-inflammatory approaches: a randomized controlled trial. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2018, 59(8), 3755-3766.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-24758] [PMID:  30046817] 
[73] 
Azari, A.A.; Barney, N.P. Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. JAMA,  2013, 310(16), 1721-1729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280318] [PMID:  24150468] 
[74] 
Moschos, M.M.; Eperon, S.; Guex-Crosier, Y. Increased eotaxin in tears of patients wearing contact lenses. Cornea,  2004, 23(8), 771-775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ico.0000133987.34274.c0] [PMID:  15502476] 
[75] 
Iwasaki, Y.; Shoji, J.; Inada, N.; Sawa, M. Evaluation of the chemokine variation in tears of contact lens wearers. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi,  2006, 110(9), 723-729.
[PMID:  17025230] 
[76] 
Sengör, T.; Irkeç, M.; Gülen, Y.; Taşeli, M.; Erker, H. Tear LTC4 levels in patients with subclinical contact lens related giant papillary conjunctivitis. CLAO J.,  1995, 21(3), 159-162.
[PMID:  7586473] 
[77] 
Irkeç, M.T.; Orhan, M.; Erdener, U. Role of tear inflammatory mediators in contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis in soft contact lens wearers. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.,  1999, 7(1), 35-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/ocii.7.1.35.8107] [PMID:  10410873] 
[78] 
Tran, H.V.; Eperon, S.; Guex-Crosier, Y. Persistence of increased Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) level in tears of patients wearing contact lenses: a long-term follow-up study. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd.,  2011, 228(4), 326-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1273208] [PMID:  21484639] 
[79] 
Irkeç, M.; Orhan, M. Effect of extended wear disposable contact lenses on tear LTC4 in giant papillary conjunctivitis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm.,  1995, 3(2), 107-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273949509085038] [PMID:  22827277] 
[80] 
Elgebaly, S.A.; Donshik, P.C.; Rahhal, F.; Williams, W. Neutrophil chemotactic factors in the tears of giant papillary conjunctivitis patients. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  1991, 32(1), 208-213.
[PMID:  1846131] 
[81] 
Holden, B.A.; La Hood, D.; Grant, T.; Newton-Howes, J.; Baleriola-Lucas, C.; Willcox, M.D.; Sweeney, D.F. Gram-negative bacteria can induce contact lens related acute red eye (CLARE) responses. CLAO J.,  1996, 22(1), 47-52.
[PMID:  8835069] 
[82] 
Thakur, A.; Willcox, M.D. Cytokine and lipid inflammatory mediator profile of human tears during contact lens associated inflammatory diseases. Exp. Eye Res.,  1998, 67(1), 9-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1998.0480] [PMID:  9702174] 
[83] 
Tan, M.; Thakur, A.; Morris, C.; Willcox, M.D. Presence of inflammatory mediators in the tears of contact lens wearers and non-contact lens wearers. Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol.,  1997, 25(Suppl. 1), S27-S29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01749.x] [PMID:  9267618] 
[84] 
Thakur, A.; Willcox, M.D. Chemotactic activity of tears and bacteria isolated during adverse responses. Exp. Eye Res.,  1998, 66(2), 129-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exer.1997.0409] [PMID:  9533839] 
[85] 
Chao, C.; Akileswaran, L.; Cooke Bailey, J.N.; Willcox, M.; Van Gelder, R.; Lakkis, C.; Stapleton, F.; Richdale, K. Potential role of ocular microbiome, host genotype, tear cytokines, and environmental factors in corneal infiltrative events in contact lens wearers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,  2018, 59(15), 5752-5761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-24845] [PMID:  30516819] 
[86] 
Grant, T.; Chong, M.S.; Vajdic, C.; Swarbrick, H.A.; Gauthier, C.; Sweeney, D.F.; Holden, B.A. Contact lens induced peripheral ulcers during hydrogel contact lens wear. CLAO J.,  1998, 24(3), 145-151.
[PMID:  9684071] 
[87] 
Lorenzo-Morales, J.; Khan, N.A.; Walochnik, J. An update on Acanthamoeba keratitis: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. Parasite,  2015, 22, 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2015010] [PMID:  25687209] 
[88] 
Carnt, N.; Montanez, V.M.; Galatowicz, G.; Veli, N.; Calder, V. Tear cytokine levels in contact lens wearers with Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Cornea,  2017, 36(7), 791-798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001238] [PMID:  28489721] 
[89] 
Dionne, K.; Redfern, R.L.; Nichols, J.J.; Nichols, K.K. Analysis of tear inflammatory mediators: A comparison between the microarray and Luminex methods. Mol. Vis.,  2016, 22, 177-188.
[PMID: 26957901] 
Cite As
Current Medicinal Chemistry

Tear Inflammatory Molecules in Contact Lens Wearers: A Literature Review

Abstract
