[1]
Celleno, L.; Tamburi, F. Structure and function of the skin: In:
Nutritional Cosmetics, 1st Edition, Tabor, A.; Blair, R.M., eds.; Elsevier:
North Carolina, USA. 2009, pp. 3-45.
[2]
Honari, G.; Maibach, H. Skin structure and function. In: Applied Dermatotoxicology; Academic Press: Elsevier: San Francisco, USA, 2014; pp. 1-10.
[3]
Kohen, R. Skin antioxidants: Their role in aging and in oxidative stress- new approaches for their evaluation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 1999, 53(4), 181-192.
[4]
Sand, M.; Gambichler, T.; Sand, D.; Skrygan, M.; Altmeyer, P.; Bechara, F.G. MicroRNAs and the skin: Tiny players in the body’s largest organ. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2009, 53, 69-175.
[5]
Raskin, R.E.; Meyer, D. Skin and subcutaneous tissues. In: Canine and Feline Cytology, 3rd ed; Elsevier: USA, 2010; pp. 26-76.
[6]
Kanitakis, J. Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur. J. Dermatol., 2002, 12(4), 390-401.
[7]
Fisher, G.J.; Quan, T.; Purohit, T.; Shao, Y.; Cho, M.K.; He, T.; Varani, J.; Kang, S.; Voorhees, J.J. Collagen fragmentation promotes oxidative stress and elevates matrix metalloproteinase-1 in fibroblasts in aged human skin. Am. J. Pathol., 2009, 174(1), 101-114.
[8]
Schallreute, K.U.; Wood, J.M. Free radical reduction in the human epidermis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1989, 6(5), 519-532.
[9]
Hay, R.J.; Johns, N.E.; Williams, H.C.; Bolliger, I.W.; Dellavalle, R.P.; Margolis, D.J.; Marks, R.; Naldi, L.; Weinstock, M.A.; Wulf, S.K.; Michaud, C.; Murray, C.J.L.; Naghavi, M. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2014, 134(6), 1527-1534.
[10]
Karimkhani, C.; Dellavalle, R.P.; Coffeng, L.E.; Flohr, C.; Hay, R.J.; Langan, S.M.; Nsoesie, E.O.; Ferrari, A.J.; Erskine, H.E.; Silverberg, J.I.; Vos, T.; Naghavi, M. Global skin disease morbidity and mortality: An update from the global burden of disease study 2013. JAMA Dermatol., 2017, 153, 406-412.
[11]
Kathe, K.; Kathpalia, H. Film forming systems for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Sci, 2017, 12(6), 487-497.
[12]
Mura, P.; Faucci, M.T.; Bramanti, G.; Corti, P. Evaluation of transcutol as a clonazepam transdermal permeation enhancer from hydrophilic gel formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2000, 9, 365-372.
[13]
Yu, M.; Ma, H.; Lei, M.; Li, N.; Tan, F. In vitro/in vivo characterization of nanoemulsion formulation of metronidazole with improved skin targeting and anti-rosacea properties. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2014, 88(1), 92-103.
[14]
Alvarez-Román, R.; Naik, A.; Kalia, Y.N.; Guy, R.H.; Fessi, H. Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles. J. Control. Release, 2004, 99(1), 53-62.
[15]
Kumar, N.; Goindi, S. Statistically designed nonionic surfactant vesicles for dermal delivery of itraconazole: Characterization and in vivo evaluation using a standardized Tinea pedis infection model. Int. J. Pharm., 2014, 472(1-2), 224-240.
[16]
Malik, D.S.; Kaur, G. Nanostructured gel for topical delivery of azelaic acid: Designing, characterization, and in-vitro evaluation. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., 2018, 47, 123-136.
[17]
Elnaggar, Y.S.R.; El-Refaie, W.M.; El-Massik, M.A.; Abdallah, O.Y. Lecithin-based nanostructured gels for skin delivery: An update on state of art and recent applications. J. Control. Release, 2014, 180(1), 10-24.
[18]
Erdogan, M.; Wright, J.R.; McAlister, V.C. Liposomal tacrolimus lotion as a novel topical agent for treatment of immune-mediated skin disorders: Experimental studies in a murine model. Br. J. Dermatol., 2002, 146(6), 964-967.
[19]
Honeywell-Nguyen, P.L.; Bouwstra, J.A. Vesicles as a tool for transdermal and dermal delivery. Drug Discov. Today. Technol., 2005, 2(1), 67-74.
[20]
Israelachvili, J. The science and applications of emulsions—an overview. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 1994, 91, 1-8.
[21]
Lawrence, M.J.; Rees, G.D. Microemulsion-based media as novel drug delivery systems. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2000, 45(1), 89-121.
[22]
Schafer-Korting, M.; Mehnert, W.; Korting, H.C. Lipid nanoparticles for improved topical application of drugs for skin diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2007, 59(6), 427-443.
[23]
Pardeike, J.; Hommoss, A.; Müller, R.H. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int. J. Pharm., 2009, 366(1-2), 170-184.
[24]
Bonifacio, B.V.; Silva, P.B.; Ramos, M.; Negri, K.; Bauab, T.; Chorilli, M. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and herbal medicines: A review. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2013, 9, 1-15.
[25]
Zhai, Y.; Zhai, G. Advances in lipid-based colloid systems as drug carrier for topic delivery. J. Control. Release, 2014, 193, 90-99.
[26]
Pople, P.V.; Singh, K.K. Targeting tacrolimus to deeper layers of skin with improved safety for treatment of atopic dermatitis - Part II: In vivo assessment of dermatopharmacokinetics, biodistribution and efficacy. Int. J. Pharm., 2012, 434(1-2), 70-79.
[27]
Rahimpour, Y.; Hamishehkar, H. Niosomes as Carrier in Dermal Drug Delivery; Recent Adv. Nov. Drug Carr. Sys, 2012, p. DOI: 10.5772/51729.
[28]
Raza, K.; Singh, B.; Singal, P.; Wadhwa, S.; Katare, O.P. Systematically optimized biocompatible isotretinoin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for topical treatment of acne. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 2013, 105, 67-74.
[29]
Soppimath, K.S.; Aminabhavi, T.M.; Dave, A.M.; Kumbar, S.G.; Rudzinski, W.E. Stimulus-responsive ‘smart’ hydrogels as novel drug delivery systems. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 2002, 28(8), 957-974.
[30]
Liu, D.; Yang, F.; Xiong, F.; Gu, N. The smart drug delivery system and its clinical potential. Theranostics, 2016, 6(9), 1306-1323.
[31]
Torchilin, V.P. Multifunctional, stimuli-sensitive nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2014, 13(11), 813-827.
[32]
Kim, Y.J.; Matsunaga, Y.T. Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. B, 2017, 5(23), 4307-4321.
[33]
Hoogenboom, R.; Schlaad, H. Thermoresponsive poly (2-oxazoline)s, polypeptoids, and polypeptides. Polym. Chem., 2017, 8(1), 24-40.
[34]
Rao, K.M.; Rao, V.K.; Ha, C.S. Stimuli responsive poly (vinyl caprolactam) gels for biomedical applications. Gels, 2016, 2(1), 6.
[35]
Yang, J.; Van Lith, R.; Baler, K.; Hoshi, R.A.; Ameer, G.A. A thermoresponsive biodegradable polymer with intrinsic antioxidant properties. Biomacromolecules, 2014, 15(11), 3942-3952.
[36]
He, C.; Kim, S.W.; Lee, D.S. In situ gelling stimuli-sensitive block copolymer hydrogels for drug delivery. J. Control. Release, 2008, 127(3), 189-207.
[37]
Bloksma, M.M.; Paulus, R.M.; Kuringen, H.P.; Van der Woerdt, F.; Lambermont Thijs, H.M.; Schubert, U.S.; Hoogenboom, R. Thermoresponsive Poly (2-oxazine)s. Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2012, 33(1), 92-96.
[38]
Moon, H.J.; Ko, D.Y.; Park, M.H.; Joo, M.K.; Jeong, B. Temperature-responsive compounds as in situ gelling biomedical materials. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41(14), 4860.
[39]
Ding, K.; Zhang, Y.L.; Yang, Z.; Xu, J.Z. A promising injectable scaffold: The biocompatibility and effect on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., 2013, 18, 155-163.
[40]
Monti, D.; Burgalassi, S.; Rossato, M.S.; Albertini, B.; Passerini, N.; Rodriguez, L.; Chetoni, P. Poloxamer 407 microspheres for orotransmucosal drug delivery. Part II: In vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 400(1-2), 32-36.
[41]
Lima, L.H.; Morales, Y.; Cabral, T. Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM): A reversible bioadhesive for sclerotomy closure. Int. J. Retina Vitreous, 2016, 2, 23.
[42]
Pawar, M.D.; Rathna, G.V.N.; Agrawal, S.; Kuchekar, B.S. Bioactive thermoresponsive polyblend nanofiber formulations for wound healing. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2015, 48, 126-137.
[43]
Yu, L.; Hu, H.; Chen, L.; Bao, X.; Li, Y.; Chen, L.; Xu, G.; Ye, X.; Ding, J. Comparative studies of thermogels in preventing post-operative adhesions and corresponding mechanisms. Biomater. Sci., 2014, 2(8), 1100-1109.
[44]
Kabanov, A.; Vinogradov, S. Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: Finite networks of infinite capabilities. Angew. Chem., 2009, 48(30), 5418-5429.
[45]
Oh, J.K.; Lee, D.I.; Park, J.M. Biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2009, 34(12), 1261-1282.
[46]
Neamtu, I.; Rusu, A.G.; Diaconu, A.; Nita, L.E.; Chiriac, A.P. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. Drug Deliv., 2017, 24(1), 539-557.
[47]
Singka, G.S.L.; Samah, N.A.; Zulfakar, M.H.; Yurdasiper, A.; Heard, C.M. Enhanced topical delivery and anti-inflammatory activity of methotrexate from an activated nanogel. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2010, 76(2), 275-281.
[48]
James, C.; Johnson, A.L.; Jenkins, A.T.A. Antimicrobial surface grafted thermally responsive PNIPAM-co-ALA nano-gels. Chem. Commun., 2011, 47(48), 12777-12779.
[49]
Pearson, H.A.; Sahukhal, G.S.; Elasri, M.O.; Urban, M.W. Phage-bacterium war on polymeric surfaces: Can surface-anchored bacteriophages eliminate microbial infections? Biomacromolecules, 2013, 14(5), 1257-1261.
[50]
Hathaway, H.; Alves, D.R.; Bean, J.; Esteban, P.P.; Ouadi, K.; Sutton, J.; Jenkins, A.T.A. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allylamine) (PNIPAM-co-ALA) nanospheres for the thermally triggered release of Bacteriophage K. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2015, 96, 437-441.
[51]
Pierre, M.B.R.; Costa, I. Liposomal systems as drug delivery vehicles for dermal and transdermal applications. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2011, 303, 607-621.
[52]
Li, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, T.; Wang, C.; Huang, Z.; Luo, X.; Deng, Y. A review on phospholipids and their main applications in drug delivery systems. Asian J. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 10(2), 81-98.
[53]
Dicheva, B.M.; Hagen, T.L.M.; Seynhaeve, A.L.B.; Amin, M.; Eggermont, A.M.M.; Koning, G.A. Enhanced specificity and drug delivery in tumors by cRGD - anchoring thermosensitive liposomes. Pharm. Res., 2015, 32(12), 3862-3876.
[54]
Asadian-Birjand, M.; Bergueiro, J.; Rancan, F.; Cuggino, J.C.; Mutihac, R.C.; Achazi, K.; Dernedde, J.; Blume-Peytayi, U.; Vogt, A.; Calderon, M. Engineering thermoresponsive polyether-based nanogels for temperature dependent skin penetration. Polym. Chem., 2015, 6(32), 5827-5831.
[55]
Rancan, F.; Asadian-Birjand, M.; Dogan, S.; Graf, C.; Cuellar, L.; Lommatzsch, S.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Calderón, M.; Vogt, A. Effects of thermoresponsivity and softness on skin penetration and cellular uptake of polyglycerol-based nanogels. J. Control. Release, 2016, 228, 159-169.
[56]
Gerecke, C.; Edlich, A.; Giulbudagian, M.; Schumacher, F.; Zhang, N.; Said, A.; Yealland, G.; Lohan, S.B.; Neumann, F.; Meinke, M.C.; Ma, N.; Calderon, M.; Hedtrich, S.; Schafer-Korting, M.; Kleuser, B. Biocompatibility and characterization of polyglycerol-based thermoresponsive nanogels designed as novel drug-delivery systems and their intracellular localization in keratinocytes. Nanotoxicol, 2017, 11, 267-277.
[57]
Rancan, F.; Giulbudagian, M.; Jurisch, J.; Blume-Peytavi, U.; Calderón, M.; Vogt, A. Drug delivery across intact and disrupted skin barrier: identification of cell populations interacting with penetrated thermoresponsive nanogels. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2017, 116, 4-11.
[58]
Reyes-Ortega, F. pH-responsive polymers: Properties, synthesis
and applications: In: Smart Polymers and their Applications., Woodhead Publishing: Spain. 2014, pp.45-92.
[59]
Mura, S.; Nicolas, J.; Couvreur, P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery. Nat. Mater., 2013, 12, 991-1003.
[60]
Sahle, F.F.; Gerecke, C.; Kleuser, B.; Bodmeier, R. Formulation and comparative in vitro evaluation of various dexamethasone-loaded pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles intended for dermal applications. Int. J. Pharm., 2017, 516(1-2), 21-31.
[61]
Parra, J.L.; Paye, M. EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol., 2003, 16, 188-202.
[62]
Schmid-Wendtner, M.H.; Korting, H.C. The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 2006, 19(6), 296-302.
[63]
Ali, S.M.; Yosipovitch, G. Skin pH: From basic science to basic skin care. Acta Derm. Venereol., 2013, 93, 261-267.
[64]
Divya, G.; Panonnummal, R.; Gupta, S.; Jayakumar, R.; Sabitha, M. Acitretin and aloe-emodin loaded chitin nanogel for the treatment of psoriasis. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2016, 107, 97-109.
[65]
Panonnummal, R.; Sabitha, M. Anti-psoriatic and toxicity evaluation of methotrexate loaded chitin nanogel in imiquimod induced mice model. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 110, 245-258.
[66]
Panonnummal, R.; Jayakumar, R.; Sabitha, M. Comparative anti-psoriatic efficacy studies of clobetasol loaded chitin nanogel and marketed cream. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 96, 193-206.
[67]
Zhang, W.; Shi, Y.; Chen, Y.; Hao, J.; Sha, X.; Fang, X. The potential of pluronic polymeric micelles encapsulated with paclitaxel for the treatment of melanoma using subcutaneous and pulmonary metastatic mice models. Biomaterials, 2011, 32, 5934-5944.
[68]
Mangalathillam, S.; Rejinold, N.S.; Nair, A.; Lakshmanan, V.K.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route. Nanoscale, 2012, 4(1), 239-250.
[69]
Sabitha, M.; Rejinold, N.; Nair, A.; Lakshmanan, V.K.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Development and evaluation of 5-fluorouracil loaded chitin nanogels for treatment of skin cancer. Carbohydr. Polym., 2013, 91(1), 48-57.
[70]
Gao, W.; Vecchio, D.; Li, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Fu, V.; Li, J.; Thamphiwatana, S.; Lu, D.; Zhang, L. Hydrogel containing nanoparticle-stabilized liposomes for topical antimicrobial delivery. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(3), 2900-2907.
[71]
Reddy, T.L.; Garikapati, K.R.; Reddy, S.G.; Reddy, B.V.S.; Yadav, J.S.; Bhadra, U.; Bhadra, M.P. Simultaneous delivery of Paclitaxel and Bcl-2 siRNA via pH-Sensitive liposomal nanocarrier for the synergistic treatment of melanoma. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6, 35223.
[72]
Sawant, V.J.; Bamane, S.R.; Kanase, D.G.; Patil, S.B.; Ghosh, J. Encapsulation of curcumin over carbon dot coated TiO2 nanoparticles for pH sensitive enhancement of anticancer and anti-psoriatic potential. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(71), 66745-66755.
[73]
Kumari, S.; Kondapi, A.K. Lactoferrin nanoparticle mediated targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2017, 95, 232-237.
[74]
Sahu, P.; Kashaw, S.K.; Jain, S.; Sau, S.; Iyer, A.K. Assessment of penetration potential of pH responsive double walled biodegradable nanogels coated with eucalyptus oil for the controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil: In vitro and ex vivo studies. J. Control. Release, 2017, 253, 122-136.
[75]
Abrahamse, H.; Hamblin, M.R. New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Biochem. J., 2016, 473(4), 347-364.
[76]
Bechet, D.; Couleaud, P.; Frochot, C.; Viriot, M.L.; Guillemin, F.; Barberi-Heyob, M. Nanoparticles as vehicles for delivery of photodynamic therapy agents. Trends Biotechnol., 2008, 26(11), 612-621.
[77]
Carmen, A.L.; Lev, B.; Angel, C. Light-sensitive intelligent drug delivery systems. Photochem. Photobiol., 2009, 85(4), 848-860.
[78]
Li, L.; Huh, K.M. Polymeric nanocarrier systems for photodynamic therapy. Biomater. Res., 2014, 18(1), 19.
[79]
Pucelik, B.; Arnaut, L.G.; Stochel, G.; Dabrowski, J.M. Design of pluronic-based formulation for enhanced redaporfin-photodynamic therapy against pigmented melanoma. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2016, 8(34), 22039-22055.
[80]
Konan, Y.N.; Gurny, R.; Allemann, E. State of the art in the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2002, 66(2), 89-106.
[81]
Kolarova, H.; Nevrelova, P.; Bajgar, R.; Jirova, D.; Kejlova, K.; Strnad, M. In vitro photodynamic therapy on melanoma cell lines with phthalocyanine. Toxicol. Vitr, 2007, 21(2), 249-253.
[82]
Kalka, K.; Merk, H.; Mukhtar, H. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2000, 42(3), 389-413.
[83]
Canakis, C.; Livir-Rallatos, C.; Panayiotis, C.; Livir-Rallatos, G.; Persidis, E.; Conway, M.D.; Peyman, G.A. Ocular photodynamic therapy for serous macular detachment in the diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy variant of idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 2003, 136(4), 750-752.
[84]
Prosst, R.L.; Wolfsen, H.C.; Gahlen, J. Photodynamic therapy for esophageal diseases: A clinical update. Endoscopy, 2003, 35(12), 1059-1068.
[85]
Rkein, A.M.; Ozog, D.M. Photodynamic therapy. Dermatol. Clin., 2014, 32(3), 415-425.
[86]
Wu, W.; He, Q.; Jiang, C. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2008, 3(11), 397-415.
[87]
Akbarzadeh, A.; Samiei, M.; Davaran, S. Magnetic nanoparticles: Preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 2012, 7(1), 144.
[88]
Issa, B.; Obaidat, I.M.; Albiss, B.A.; Haik, Y. Magnetic nanoparticles: Surface effects and properties related to biomedicine applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, 14(11), 21266-21305.
[89]
Gobbo, O.L.; Sjaastad, K.; Radomski, M.W.; Volkov, Y.; Prina-Mello, A. Magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics. Theranostics, 2015, 5(11), 1249-1263.
[90]
Ghazanfari, M.R.; Kashefi, M.; Shams, S.F.; Jaafari, M.R. Perspective of Fe3O4 nanoparticles role in biomedical applications. Biochem. Res. Int., 2016, 7840161.
[91]
Estelrich, J.; Escribano, E.; Queralt, J.; Busquets, M.A. Iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetically-guided and magnetically-responsive drug delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015, 16(4), 8070-8101.
[92]
Kang, T.; Li, F.; Baik, S.; Shao, W.; Ling, D.; Hyeon, T. Surface design of magnetic nanoparticles for stimuli-responsive cancer imaging and therapy. Biomaterials, 2017, 136, 98-114.
[93]
Rahimi, M.; Wadajkar, A.; Subramanian, K.; Yousef, M.; Cui, W.; Hsieh, J.T.; Nguyen, K.T. In vitro evaluation of novel polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 2010, 6(5), 672-680.
[94]
Koppolu, B.; Rahimi, M.; Nattama, S.; Wadajkar, A.; Nguyen, K.T. Development of multiple-layer polymeric particles for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 2010, 6(2), 355-361.
[95]
Wadajkar, A.S.; Bhavsar, Z.; Ko, C.Y.; Koppolu, B.; Cui, W.; Tang, L.; Nguyen, K.T. Multifunctional particles for melanoma-targeted drug delivery. Acta Biomater., 2012, 8(8), 2996-3004.
[96]
Rao, Y.F.; Chen, W.; Liang, X.G.; Huang, Y.Z.; Miao, J.; Liu, L.; Lou, Y.; Zhang, X.G.; Wang, B.; Tang, R.K.; Chen, Z.; Lu, X.Y. Epirubicin-loaded superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles for transdermal delivery: Cancer therapy by circumventing the skin barrier. Small, 2015, 11(2), 239-247.
[97]
Misak, H.; Zacharias, N.; Song, Z.; Hwang, S.; Man, K.P.; Asmatulu, R.; Yang, S.Y. Skin cancer treatment by albumin/5-Fu loaded magnetic nanocomposite spheres in a mouse model. J. Biotechnol., 2013, 164(1), 130-136.
Download PDF Flyer