Purification of Cinnamic Acid and Aporphine Alkaloids from Enicosanthellum pulchrum Twig Extract and their Biological Activities

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Abstract

Background: Various methods of isolating compounds from plants have been described previously, which include conventional or modern techniques. A preparative-HPLC (prep-HPLC) system has become one of the most convenient methods, with high purity compound as well as consumes less purification time.

Objective: This study is intended to purify compounds from E. pulchrum twig extract using prep- HPLC technique and to test all compounds in several biological activities.

Methods: Prior to purification using prep-HPLC, the twig extract was injected onto HPLC to develop the method through its chromatograms. The established method from HPLC was used to separate the constituents using prep-HPLC. Purified compounds were elucidated through NMR and MS methods as well as through comparison with previously reported data. Three different biological activities were then conducted on the compounds, including cytotoxicity, DPPH, FRAP, and disc diffusion assays.

Results: Cinnamic acid (1) and two aporphine alkaloids (liridine (2) and lysicamine (3)) have been successfully purified and identified. These compounds were first isolated from Enicosanthellum pulchrum using prep-HPLC. Cytotoxic activity revealed that liridine (2) showed strong inhibition against WEHI-3B leukaemic cells of 8.7 µM after 24 h of treatment. In contrast, cinnamic acid (1) and lysicamine (3) exhibited strong inhibitions in antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Pasteurella multocida and B. subtilis with more than 15 mm of inhibition zone.

Conclusion: These phytochemical findings exhibit three isolated compounds from twig extract of E. pulchrum with diverse biological potential to be developed as new agents.

Keywords: Cinnamaic acid, liridine, lysicamine, preparative-HPLC, cytotoxicity, DPPH, FRAP, disc diffusion.

Graphical Abstract

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      • 0: 93537
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2533
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#113
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:113
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2535
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2035
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • select `subtitle` from `journal` where `continues_publication_journal` = 1
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1959
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:1959
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2062
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • Select j.subtitle, v.volume_id as volume_id,v.year_id,y.year as year,v.volume_name, v.total_no_of_issues, i.issue_id as issue_id,i.title as issue, i.publication_date as issue_pub_date from journal j join volume v on j.journal_id = v.journal_id join issue i on v.volume_id = i.volume_id join article a on a.issue_id = i.issue_id join year y on v.year_id = y.id where j.journal_id = 118 and i.is_uploaded = 1 order by v.volume_name+0 desc, i.title+0 desc limit 1
      18.87msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Issue.php#295
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Issue.php:295
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2068
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 1 and a.journal_id = 118 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`last_modified` desc
      5.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#527
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:527
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2070
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid,a.publish_on, a.pmid,a.article_id,a.doi,j.journal_id,j.subtitle,v.volume_name,a.volume_id as volume_id, a.issue_id,a.title,first_page, last_page, page_count,abstract,ifnull(is_abstract,"y"),asec.title as article_section,at.type_name as article_type_name, a.article_id as ArticleID ,is_epub,epub_price,epub_type,a.created, y.year from `article` as `a` left join `article_section` as `asec` on `asec`.`art_sec_id` = `a`.`is_epub` left join `article_type` as `at` on `at`.`art_type_id` = `a`.`art_type` left join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `a`.`journal_id` inner join `volume` as `v` on `a`.`volume_id` = `v`.`volume_id` inner join `year` as `y` on `v`.`year_id` = `y`.`id` where a.article_status != "W" and a.is_epub = 4 and a.journal_id = 118 and a.is_uploaded = 1 group by `a`.`article_id` order by `a`.`last_modified` desc
      3.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#527
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:527
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2071
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select pdf, html, epub, prc from `article_metrics` where `article_id` = 93537 limit 1
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#743
      Bindings
      • 0: 93537
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:743
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2091
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from content_by_diseases where content_id = 93537 and content_type = 'article' order by status desc limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#750
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:750
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2094
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select a.nid article_nid,a.title article_title,j.title journal_title from content_by_diseases cd inner join article a on a.article_id=cd.content_id inner join journal j on j.journal_id=a.journal_id where cd.pid = 16 and cd.sub_disease_id = 478 and content_id!=93537 and cd.content_type = 'article' order by rand() limit 20
      32.59msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#768
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/Article.php:768
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2098
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `node_meta` where `nid` = 166074 limit 1
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Meta.php#59
      Bindings
      • 0: 166074
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Meta.php:59
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2101
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `bo`.* from `bundle_offer` as `bo` where `bo`.`bundle_status` = 'A' order by `bo`.`bundle_id` desc
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022BundleOffer.php#113
      Bindings
      • 0: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/BundleOffer.php:113
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2108
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `tbl_ht_submission` as `h` where `h`.`subtitle` = 'NPJ' and (h.proposal_closing_date = 0 OR TO_DAYS(FROM_UNIXTIME(h.proposal_closing_date)) >= TO_DAYS(NOW())) order by `h`.`manuscript` asc
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#2024
      Bindings
      • 0: NPJ
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Article.php:2024
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2112
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '93537' and content_type = 'a' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2186
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '8994' and content_type = 'i' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2207
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from journal_access where content_type_id = '2613' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2231
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2613) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2613) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"volume" as access_level,"" as issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_journal_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 2613)
      580μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2272
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 8994) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 8994) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"issue" as access_level,j.issue_id,"" as article_id from `user_access_issue_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.issue_id = 8994)
      490μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2297
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 93537) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 93537) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59075783 and j.to_ip >=59075783 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1737580225 and j.to_date >= 1737580225 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 93537)
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2329
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `first_page` < '125' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 8994 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
      380μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1818
      Bindings
      • 0: 125
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1818
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2470
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `article` where `last_page` > '132' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 8994 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Article.php#1830
      Bindings
      • 0: 132
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Article.php:1830
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2472
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
      170μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2497
      Bindings
      • 0: en
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2497
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
      170μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022MultiLanguage.php#23
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/MultiLanguage.php:23
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2498
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 93537 limit 1
      2.23msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ArticleController.php#2506
      Bindings
      • 0: 93537
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ArticleController.php:2506
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 118 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1737580225 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1737580225 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#189
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: J
      • 2: 118
      • 3: 1737580225
      • 4: 1737580225
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:189
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='eda41409ef6115f3fce6abb0c08a52e6'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._main_menu:13
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\MultiLanguage
    1MultiLanguage.php#?
        _token
        iN6vNOTow560d0xQryUEzMAe4WZ7ulxQq8y6G7mH
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        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://beta.benthamscience.com/article/93537" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
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        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
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        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
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        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "beta.benthamscience.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 22 Jan 2025 21:10:25 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlaU09zMVVQMXNETWZxR1VDNzBhOXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlg4dEhCakhNSm1jSnczNmgycTRYdTFoZXIvdGh5RjdIb3RJNHlLTzVDRGszdGptVzR5Z2xjNWQzdXVyckgzU3VzaVc1b1VCV0E5bkF2cW53N0lGVWhBRmVmajhGc1YzZkRwc2VQc1BHVXBOWnZPL3N6eGNobU9ZSTZUOEVtZjYiLCJtYWMiOiJlOWEyMjNiMjEwZDFhMGM2NjVjYTNmOGY1YzI1ZjkzMWViNjhjMzlkMzg4Y2FlNDM1Y2FmOGY5ZjNjNDU3MTFmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 25 Jan 2025 09:10:25 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=strictXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlaU09zMVVQMXNETWZxR1VDNzBhOXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlg4dEhCakhNSm1jSnczNmgycTRYdTFoZXIvdGh5RjdIb3RJNHlLTzVDRGszdGptVzR5Z2xjNWQzdXVyckgzU3VzaVc1b" 1 => "eurekaselectnew_session=eyJpdiI6IktuZnh4SDVIMDFFa0g4dDh3UDZNZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTdKL3FlTExYMHBETzMwdjJZc3NBRmNzL0ZGUVlQSVAzcTg2cVBETEpYaWhGdUNmT3k5VklSZDVYK2c1RC80R1hNKzdnVk1jSGw4MmFCdy9EUExVM293eEVEZld2QmtBaUZ3eWJIbWNkU0lqNFpsc1NOTmx2ci9VVnJpbDBCd1UiLCJtYWMiOiI5NjAxY2MzYTY5MWRmYjU2NWYwN2QzMzdkYjY0YWMyYWY5Mzc3ODYyMDA5MjJiMzU4Y2U4ZmNkMjBkMDc3OTJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=stricteurekaselectnew_session=eyJpdiI6IktuZnh4SDVIMDFFa0g4dDh3UDZNZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTdKL3FlTExYMHBETzMwdjJZc3NBRmNzL0ZGUVlQSVAzcTg2cVBETEpYaWhGdUNmT3k5VklSZDVYK2c1" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlaU09zMVVQMXNETWZxR1VDNzBhOXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlg4dEhCakhNSm1jSnczNmgycTRYdTFoZXIvdGh5RjdIb3RJNHlLTzVDRGszdGptVzR5Z2xjNWQzdXVyckgzU3VzaVc1b1VCV0E5bkF2cW53N0lGVWhBRmVmajhGc1YzZkRwc2VQc1BHVXBOWnZPL3N6eGNobU9ZSTZUOEVtZjYiLCJtYWMiOiJlOWEyMjNiMjEwZDFhMGM2NjVjYTNmOGY1YzI1ZjkzMWViNjhjMzlkMzg4Y2FlNDM1Y2FmOGY5ZjNjNDU3MTFmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sat, 25-Jan-2025 09:10:25 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlaU09zMVVQMXNETWZxR1VDNzBhOXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlg4dEhCakhNSm1jSnczNmgycTRYdTFoZXIvdGh5RjdIb3RJNHlLTzVDRGszdGptVzR5Z2xjNWQzdXVyckgzU3VzaVc1b" 1 => "eurekaselectnew_session=eyJpdiI6IktuZnh4SDVIMDFFa0g4dDh3UDZNZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTdKL3FlTExYMHBETzMwdjJZc3NBRmNzL0ZGUVlQSVAzcTg2cVBETEpYaWhGdUNmT3k5VklSZDVYK2c1RC80R1hNKzdnVk1jSGw4MmFCdy9EUExVM293eEVEZld2QmtBaUZ3eWJIbWNkU0lqNFpsc1NOTmx2ci9VVnJpbDBCd1UiLCJtYWMiOiI5NjAxY2MzYTY5MWRmYjU2NWYwN2QzMzdkYjY0YWMyYWY5Mzc3ODYyMDA5MjJiMzU4Y2U4ZmNkMjBkMDc3OTJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyeurekaselectnew_session=eyJpdiI6IktuZnh4SDVIMDFFa0g4dDh3UDZNZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicTdKL3FlTExYMHBETzMwdjJZc3NBRmNzL0ZGUVlQSVAzcTg2cVBETEpYaWhGdUNmT3k5VklSZDVYK2c1" ] ]
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        array:5 [ "_token" => "iN6vNOTow560d0xQryUEzMAe4WZ7ulxQq8y6G7mH" "uc_cart_id" => "eda41409ef6115f3fce6abb0c08a52e6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://beta.benthamscience.com/article/93537" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-01-22 21:10:25GET/article/9353748361