Generic placeholder image

Current Analytical Chemistry

Author(s): Ayman A. Gouda*, Ali H. Amin, Ibrahim S. Ali and Zakia Al Malah

DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180619145236

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Green Dispersive Micro Solid-Phase Extraction using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Preconcentration and Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Food, Water, and Tobacco Samples

Page: [381 - 392] Pages: 12

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+) have acute and chronic effects on humans and other living organisms. In the present work, new, green and accurate dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DμSPE) method for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+) ions in various food, water and tobacco samples collected from Saudi Arabia prior to its Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric (FAAS) determinations was developed.

Methods: The proposed method was based on a combination of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNTs) with a new chelating agent 5-benzyl-4-[4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-4H- 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (BMBATT) to enrich and separate trace levels of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The effect of separation parameters was investigated. The validation of the proposed preconcentration procedure was performed using certified reference materials.

Results: Analyte recovery values ranged from 95-102%, indicating that the method is highly accurate. Furthermore, precision was demonstrated by the relative standard deviation (RSD < 3.0%). The limits of detection were 0.08 and 0.1 μg L−1 for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions, respectively. The preconcentration factor was 200.

Conclusion: The proposed method was used for the estimation of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ion content in various real samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. The proposed method has high adsorption capacity, rapid adsorption equilibrium, extremely low LODs, high preconcentration factors and shortens the time of sample preparation in comparison to classical SPE.

Keywords: Cadmium, dispersive micro solid-phase extraction, food, lead, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, water and tobacco samples.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Sarkar, B.M. Heavy metals in the environment; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2002.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203909300]
[2]
Savio, M.; Parodi, B.; Martinez, L.D.; Smichowski, P.; Gil, R.A. On-line solid phase extraction of Ni and Pb using carbon nanotubes and modified carbon nanotubes coupled to ETAAS. Talanta, 2011, 85(1), 245-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.054] [PMID: 21645695]
[3]
Dos Anjos, A.P.; Cornejo-Ponce, L.; Cadore, S.; Baccan, N. Determination of manganese by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after its adsorption onto naphthalene modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). Talanta, 2007, 71(3), 1252-1256.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2006.06.026] [PMID: 19071441]
[4]
Falahi, E.; Hedaiati, R.; Ghiasvand, A.R. Survey of iron, zinc, calcium, copper, lead, and cadmium in rice samples grown in Iran. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill., 2010, 3(2), 80-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440041003671288] [PMID: 24785496]
[5]
Butler; O.T.; Cairns, W.R.L.; Cook, J.M.; Davidson, C.M. Atomic spectrometry update. Environmental analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2013, 28, 177-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ja90077g]
[6]
Alfasi, Z.B.; Wai, C.M. Preconcentration techniques for trace elements; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1992.
[7]
Chen, B.; Heng, S.; Peng, H.; Hu, B.; Yu, X.; Zhang, Z.; Pang, D.; Yue, X.; Zhu, Y. Magnetic solid phase microextraction on a microchip combined with electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of Cd, Hg, and Pb in cells. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2010, 25, 1931-1938.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ja00003e]
[8]
Panhwar, A.H.; Kazi, T.G.; Afridi, H.I.; Arain, S.A.; Naeemullah, ; Brahman, K.D.; Arain, M.S. A new solid phase microextraction method using organic ligand in micropipette tip syringe system packed with modified carbon cloth for preconcentration of cadmium in drinking water and blood samples of kidney failure patients. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 2015, 138, 296-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.11.059] [PMID: 25498826]
[9]
Hu, B.; He, M.; Chen, B. Nanometer-sized materials for solid-phase extraction of trace elements. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2015, 407(10), 2685-2710.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8429-9] [PMID: 25577358]
[10]
Alothman, Z.A.; Al-Shaalan, N.H.; Habila, M.A.; Unsal, Y.E.; Tuzen, M.; Soylak, M. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of lead(II) as 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine chelates from food and water samples. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2015, 187(2), 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4160-4] [PMID: 25618567]
[11]
Jalbani, N.; Soylak, M. Ligandless ultrasonic-assisted and ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of copper, nickel and lead in different food samples. Food Chem., 2015, 167, 433-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.015] [PMID: 25149008]
[12]
Rosa, F.C.; Duarte, F.A.; Paniz, J.N.G.; Heidrich, G.M.; Nunes, M.A.G.; Flores, E.M.M.; Dressler, V.L. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: An efficient approach for the extraction of Cd and Pb from honey and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem. J., 2015, 123, 211-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.06.009]
[13]
Sanchez Rojas, F.; Bosch Ojeda, C.; Cano Pavon, J.M. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of cadmium in environmental, water and food samples. Anal. Methods, 2011, 3, 1652-1655.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ay05188a]
[14]
Jalbani, N.; Soylak, M. Determination of cadmium and lead in water and food by organic drop microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Instrum. Sci. Technol, 2015, 43, 573-587.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2015.1017768]
[15]
Alahabadi, A.; Rastegar, A.; Esrafili, A.; Rezai, Z.; Bandegharaei, A.H.; Farzadkia, M. Solidified floating organic drop microextraction for pre-concentration and trace monitoring of cadmium ions in environmental food and water samples. J. Iran Chem. Soc, 2017, 14, 1725-1733.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1113-1]
[16]
Li, Z.; Chen, J.; Liu, M.; Yang, Y. Ultrasound-assisted cloud point extraction coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of lead and cadmium in water samples. Anal. Methods, 2014, 6, 3241-3246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4AY00211C]
[17]
Shah, F.; Kazi, T.G.; Ullah, N.; Afridi, H.I. Determination of lead in biological samples of children with different physiological consequences using cloud point extraction method. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2013, 153(1-3), 134-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9677-9] [PMID: 23625698]
[18]
Khan, M.; Kazi, T.G.; Afridi, H.I.; Bilal, M.; Akhtar, A.; Ullah, N.; Khan, S.; Talpur, S. Application of ultrasonically modified cloud point extraction method for simultaneous enrichment of cadmium and lead in sera of different types of gallstone patients. Ultrason. Sonochem., 2017, 39, 313-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.04.043] [PMID: 28732951]
[19]
Gouda, A.A. A new coprecipitation method without carrier element for separation and preconcentration of some metal ions at trace levels in water and food samples. Talanta, 2016, 146, 435-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.005] [PMID: 26695287]
[20]
Baig, J.; Kazi, T.G.; Elci, L. Determination of total chromium at ultra-trace level by co-precipitation micro sample injection system flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J. AOAC Int., 2014, 97, 1421-1425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-139] [PMID: 25902994]
[21]
Hu, X. Rapid coprecipitation-separation and flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead and cadmium in water with cobalt (II) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2011, 91, 263-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067310903509286]
[22]
Oymak, T.; Tokalioglu, S.; Yilmaz, V.; Yilmaz, D. Determination of lead and cadmium in food samples by the coprecipitation method. Food Chem., 2009, 113, 1314-1317.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.064]
[23]
Faraji, M.; Yamini, Y.; Saleh, A.; Rezaee, M.; Ghambarian, M.; Hassani, R. A nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction procedure followed by flow injection inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry to determine some heavy metal ions in water samples. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2010, 659(1-2), 172-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.053] [PMID: 20103121]
[24]
Anastas, P.T. Green chemistry and the role of analytical methodology development. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 1999, 29, 167-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408349891199356]
[25]
Herrero Latorre, C.; Álvarez Méndez, J.; Barciela García, J.; García Martín, S.; Peña Crecente, R.M. Carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction sorbents prior to atomic spectrometric determination of metal species: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2012, 749, 16-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.001] [PMID: 23036463]
[26]
Soylak, M.; Yilmaz, E.; Ghaedi, M.; Montazerozohori, M. Solid phase extraction on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and flame atomic absorption spectrometry combination for determination of some metal ions in environmental and food samples. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 2011, 93, 873-885.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2011.572885]
[27]
Feist, B. Selective dispersive micro solid-phase extraction using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with 1,10-phenanthroline for preconcentration of lead ions. Food Chem., 2016, 209, 37-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.015] [PMID: 27173531]
[28]
Krawczyk, M.; Jeszka-Skowron, M. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid sorbent in dispersive micro solid-phase extraction for the sequential determination of cadmium and lead in water samples. Microchem. J., 2016, 126, 296-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.027]
[29]
Soylak, M.; Soylak, Z. Multiwalled carbon nanotube impregnated with tartrazine: Solid phase extractant for Cd(II) and Pb(II). J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2014, 20, 581-585.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.05.017]
[30]
Vellaichamy, S.; Palanivelu, K. Preconcentration and separation of copper, nickel and zinc in aqueous samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after column solid-phase extraction onto MWCNTs impregnated with D2EHPA-TOPO mixture. J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, 185(2-3), 1131-1139.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.023] [PMID: 21041024]
[31]
Z. A.. Habilaa, M.; Yilmaz, E.; Soylak, M. Solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) from food samples using multiwalled carbon nanotubes impregnated with 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol. Mikrochim. Acta, 2012, 177, 397-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0789-2]
[32]
Gouda, A.A.; Al Ghannam, S.M. Impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient sorbent for the solid phase extraction of trace amounts of heavy metal ions in food and water samples. Food Chem., 2016, 202, 409-416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.006] [PMID: 26920312]
[33]
Sitko, R.; Gliwinska, B.; Zawisza, B.; Feist, B. Ultrasound-assisted solid-phase extraction using multiwalled carbon nanotubes for determination of cadmium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2013, 28, 405-410.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ja30328k]
[34]
Gouda, A.A. Solid-phase extraction using multiwalled carbon nanotubes and quinalizarin for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of some heavy metals in food, water and environmental samples. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2014, 94, 1210-1222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2014.930846]
[35]
Alothman, Z.A.; Yilmaz, E.; Habila, M.; Soylak, M. Solid phase extraction of metal ions in environmental samples on 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol impregnated activated carbon cloth. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2015, 112, 74-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.032] [PMID: 25463856]
[36]
Yilmaz, E.; Soylak, M. Solid phase extraction of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in environmental samples on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2014, 186(9), 5461-5468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3795-5] [PMID: 24811365]
[37]
Qin, G.F.; Jiang, M.Y.; Mei, H.S.; Rong, Y.K.; Ma, J.J. Solid-phase extraction on magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determining lead and cadmium in traditional chinese medicine. J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 2015, 37, 272-276.
[38]
Soylak, M.; Temeltas, A. Solid phase extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) as 2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates on activated carbon cloth in environmental samples and their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 2016, 96, 862-871.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2016.1209658]
[39]
Z.A.. Yilmaz, E.; Habila, M.; Alsohaimi, I.H.; Aldawsari, A.M.; Al-Harbi, N.M.; Soylak, M. Triethylenetetramine modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the efficient preconcentration of Pb(ii), Cu(ii), Ni(ii) and Cd(ii) before FAAS detection. RSC Advances, 2015, 5, 106905-106911.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19213G]
[40]
Habila, M.; Yilmaz, E. ALOthman, Z.A.; Soylak, M. Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in food samples after pre-concentration using 4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol-modified activated carbon. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2014, 20, 3989-3993.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.12.101]
[41]
Britton, H.T.S. Hydrogen ions, 4th ed; Chapman and Hall: London, 1952, p. 1168.
[42]
Singh, K.; Kumar, Y.; Puri, P.; Sharma, C.; Aneja, K.R. Antimicrobial, spectral and thermal studies of divalent cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc complexes with triazole Schiff bases. Arab. J. Chem., 2017, 10, S978-S987.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.038]
[43]
Cansiz, A.; Koparir, M.; Demirdağ, A. Synthesis of some new 4,5-substituted-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives. Molecules, 2004, 9(4), 204-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/90400204] [PMID: 18007424]
[44]
Moustafa, A.H.; Haggam, R.A.; Younes, M.E.; El Ashry, E.S.H. Double-headed acyclo C-nucleoside analogues. Functionalized 1,2-bis-(1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-diol. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 2005, 24(10-12), 1885-1894.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15257770500268962] [PMID: 16438055]
[45]
Currie, L.A. Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities1: (IUPAC Recommendations 1995). Anal. Chim. Acta, 1999, 391, 105-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00104-X]