Alkaloids Components and Pharmacological Activities of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) Leaves

Page: [26 - 31] Pages: 6

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Lotus leaves are the main medicinal parts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, which is widely distributed in East Asia, especially in China. It contains a variety of chemical activation components. Among them, alkaloids are considered to be the most relevant ingredient for its bioactivity. This article mainly introduces the structure of alkaloids isolated from Lotus leaves and their pharmacological activities, such as anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, anti-diabetic activities.

Keywords: Lotus leaves, alkaloids, compositions, pharmacological activities, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, antioxidant.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Sridhar, K.R.; Bhat, R. Lotus-a potential nutraceutical source. J. Agri. Technol., 2007, 3, 143-155.
[2]
Wu, Z.Y.; Raven, H.P.; Hong, D.Y. Flora of China., Science Press (China) and Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing, China and St. Louis, USA,. 2001.
[3]
Bhardwaj, A.; Modi, K.P. A review on the therapeutic potential of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn): The sacred lotus. IJPSR, 2016, 7, 42-54.
[4]
Wu, S.H.; Sun, C.R.; Cao, X.J.; Hong, H.Z.; Zhong, H.; Pan, Y.J. Preparative counter-current chromatography isolation of liensinine and its analogues from embryo of the seed of Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN. Using upright coil planet centrifuge with four multilayer coils connected in series. J. Chromatogr. A, 2004, 1041, 153-162.
[5]
Pharmacopoeia Committee of P.R. China, 2015.. Pharmacopoeia of the Peoples’ Republic of China;, China Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2015, 275-276
[6]
Karki, R.; Jung, M.A.; Kim, K.J.; Kim, D.W. Inhibitory effect of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) on the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2012, 2012, 153568-153575.
[7]
Paudel, K.R.; Panth, N. Phytochemical profile and biological activity of Nelumbo nucifera. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 789124-789140.
[8]
Du, H.; You, J.S.; Zhao, X.; Park, J.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Chang, K.J. Comparative effects of crude drugs on serum lipids. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1984, 32, 646-650.
[9]
Ou, M. Chinese-English manual of common-used in traditional Chinese medicine; Joint Publishing Co. Ltd: Hong Kong, 1989.
[10]
Chinese Materia Medica. Jiangsu New Medical College; Peoples Publishing House: Shanghai, China, 1977.
[11]
Cornucopia, F.S. A Source Book of Edible Plants; Kampong Publications: California, 1990.
[12]
La, C.; Molgaard, P.; Yi, Z. Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of hyperlipidaemia. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1995, 46, 125-129.
[13]
Mehta, N.R.; Patel, E.P.; Patani, P.V.; Shah, B. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus): A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res, 2013, 1, 152-167.
[14]
Ohkoshi, E.; Miyazaki, H.; Shindo, K.; Watanabe, H.; Yoshida, A.; Yajima, H. Constituents from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera stimulate lipolysis in the white adipose tissue of mice. Planta Med., 2007, 73, 1255-1259.
[15]
Goo, H.R.; Choi, J.S.; Na, D.H. Simultaneous determination of quercetin and its glycosides from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera by reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2009, 32, 201-206.
[16]
Mukherjee, P.K.; Mukherjee, D.; Maji, A.K.; Rai, S.; Heinrich, M. The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) - phytochemical and therapeutic profile. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2009, 61, 407-422.
[17]
Kashiwada, Y.; Aoshima, A.; Ikeshiro, Y.; Chen, Y.P.; Furukawa, H.; Itoigawa, M.; Fujioka, T.; Mihashi, K.; Cosentino, L.M.; Morris-Natschkeg, S.L.; Lee, K.H. Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure-activity correlations with related alkaloids. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13, 443-448.
[18]
Zhu, Y.T.; Jia, Y.W.; Liu, Y.M.; Liang, J.; Ding, L.S.; Liao, X. Lipase ligands in Nelumbo nucifera leaves and study of their binding mechanism. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62, 10679-10686.
[19]
Liu, H.Y.; Kuo, Y.H.; Liu, Y.L.; Chiang, W. Antioxidative effect and active components from leaves of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 6623-6629.
[20]
Nakamura, S.; Nakashima, S.; Tanabe, G.; Oda, Y.; Yokota, N.; Fujimoto, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Sakuma, R.; Ohta, T.; Ogawa, K.; Nishida, S.; Miki, H.; Matsuda, H.; Muraoka, O.; Yoshikawa, M. Alkaloid constituents from flower buds and leaves of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaeaceae) with melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2013, 21, 779-787.
[21]
Zhou, M.G.; Jiang, M.; Ying, X.H.; Cui, Q.X.; Han, Y.Q.; Zhou, Y.Y.; Gao, J.; Bai, G.; Luo, G.A. Nuciferine prevents hepatic steatosis and injury induced by a high-fat diet in hamsters. PLoS One, 2013, 8, e63770.
[22]
Jung, H.A.; Jin, S.E.; Choi, R.J.; Kim, D.H.; Kim, Y.S.; Ryu, J.H.; Kim, D.W.; Son, Y.K.; Park, J.J.; Choi, J.S. Anti-amnesic activity of neferine with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, as well as inhibition of ChEs and BACE1. Life Sci., 2010, 87, 420-430.
[23]
Yan, M.Z.; Chang, Q.; Zhong, Y.; Xiao, B.X.; Feng, L.; Cao, F.R.; Pan, R.L.; Zhang, Z.S.; Liao, Y.H.; Liu, X.M. Lotus leaf alkaloid extract displays sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic effects though GABAA receptor. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2015, 63, 9277-9285.
[24]
Zheng, Z.J.; Wang, M.L.; Wang, D.J.; Duan, W.J.; Wang, X.; Zheng, C.C. Preparative separation of alkaloids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves by conventional and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B., 2010, 878, 1647-1651.
[25]
Do, T.C.M.V.; Nguyen, T.D.; Tran, H.; Stuppner, H.; Ganzera, M. Analysis of alkaloids in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves bynon-aqueous capillary electrophoresis using ultraviolet and massspectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 2013, 1302, 174-180.
[26]
Yang, Z.D.; Zhang, X.; Du, J.; Ma, Z.J.; Guo, F.; Li, S.; Yao, X.J. An aporphine alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and the primary investigation for structure-activity correlations. Nat. Prod. Res., 2012, 26, 387-392.
[27]
Ma, W.Y.; Lu, Y.B.; Hua, R.L.; Chen, J.H.; Zhang, Z.Z.; Pan, Y.J. Application of ionic liquids based microwave-assisted extraction of three alkaloids N-nornuciferine, O-nornuciferine, and nuciferine from lotus leaf. Talanta, 2010, 80, 1292-1297.
[28]
Luo, X.B.; Chen, B.; Liu, J.J.; Yao, S.Z. Simultaneous analysis of N-nornuciferine, O-nornuciferine, nuciferine, and roemerine in leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn by high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection–electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2005, 538, 129-133.
[29]
Lin, R.J.; Wu, M.H.; Ma, Y.H.; Chung, L.Y.; Chen, C.Y.; Yen, C.M. Anthelmintic activities of Aporphine from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. cv. Rosa-plena against Hymenolepis nana. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, 15, 3624-3639.
[30]
Ahn, J.H.; Kim, E.S.; Lee, C.; Kim, S.; Cho, S.H.; Hwang, B.Y.; Lee, M.K. Chemical constituents from Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their anti-obesity effects. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2013, 23, 3604-3608.
[31]
Ono, Y.K.; Hattoria, E.; Fukayaa, Y.; Imaia, S.J.; Ohizumi, Y. Anti-obesity effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in mice and rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 106, 238-244.
[32]
Du, H.; You, J.S.; Zhao, X.; Park, J.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Chang, K.J. Antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects of lotus leaf hot water extract with taurine supplementation in rats fed a high fat diet. J. Biomed. Sci., 2010, 17, s42-s47.
[33]
Wu, M.J.; Wang, L.; Weng, C.Y. Antioxidant Activity of methanol extract of the lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera Gertn.). Am. J. Chin. Med., 2003, 31, 687-698.
[34]
Huang, B.; Ban, X.Q.; He, J.S.; Tong, J.; Tian, J.; Wang, Y.W. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. Food Chem., 2010, 120, 873-878.
[35]
Liu, C.M.; Kao, C.L.; Wu, H.M.; Li, W.J.; Huang, C.T.; Li, H.T.; Chen, C.Y. Antioxidant and anticancer aporphine alkaloids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. cv. Rosa-plena. Molecules, 2014, 19, 17829-17838.
[36]
Boustie, J.; Stigliani, J.L.; Montanha, J.; Amoros, M.; Payard, M.; Girre, L. Antipoliovirus structure-activity relationships of some aporphine alkaloids. J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 61, 480-484.
[37]
Montanha, J.; Amoros, M.; Boustie, J.; Girre, L. Anti-herpes virus activity of aporphine alkaloids. Planta Med., 1995, 61, 419-424.
[38]
Liu, W.; Yi, D.D.; Guo, J.L.; Xiang, Z.X.; Deng, L.F.; He, L. Nuciferine,extracted from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, inhibits tumor-promoting effect of nicotine involving Wnt/β-catenin signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2015, 165, 83-93.
[39]
Chang, C.H.; Ou, T.T.; Yang, M.Y.; Huang, C.C.; Wang, C.J. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn leaves extract inhibits the angiogenesis and metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulation Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) mediated PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2016, 188, 111-122.
[40]
Wu, C.H.; Yang, M.Y.; Lee, Y.J.; Wang, C.J. Nelumbo nucifera leaf polyphenol extract inhibits breast cancer cells metastasis in vitro and in vivo through PKCα targeting. J. Funct. Foods, 2017, 37, 480-490.
[41]
HoaNguyen, K.; Ta, T.N.; Pham, T.H.M.; Nguyen, Q.T.; Pham, H.D.; Mishra, S.; Nyomba, B.L.G.. Nuciferine stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells- an in vitro comparison with glibenclamide. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2012, 142, 488-495.
[42]
Ma, C.J.; Wang, J.J.; Chu, H.M.; Zhang, X.X.; Wang, Z.H.; Wang, H.L.; Li, G. Purification and characterization of aporphine alkaloids from leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and their effects on glucose consumption in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2014, 15, 3481-3494.
[43]
Wang, M.X.; Liu, Y.L.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, D.M.; Kong, L.D. Nuciferine restores potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2015, 747, 59-70.
[44]
Agnihotri, V.K.; Elsohly, H.N.; Khan, S.I.; Jacob, M.R.; Joshi, V.C.; Smillie, T.; Khan, I.A.; Walker, L.A. Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their antimalarial and antifungal activity. Phytochem. Lett., 2008, 1, 89-93.