Abstract

Background: Acute pain is one of the most common presenting complaints in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department. Recently, concern about the safety of narcotics such as codeine has sparked a renewed interest in opioids such as morphine and intranasal fentanyl.

Objectives: Consequently, opioids are being increasingly used in the clinical setting. Despite this, there is ample evidence that clinicians are less willing to offer opioids to children compared to adults.

Methods: The reasons for this are multifactorial but nevertheless, the provision of adequate analgesia in children is echoed by a several academic societies as a priority for comprehensive care. To address this mandate, evidence for therapies such as oral morphine, topical analgesia, and intranasal fentanyl is now mounting.

Result and Conclusions: This review will discuss the evidence and effectiveness of analgesia for children with acutely painful conditions in the post-codeine era.

Keywords: Morphine, opioid, fracture, pain, otitis, abdomen, analgesia, pediatric, codeine.

Graphical Abstract