Abstract

Background: The preferred approach for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is frequent intravitreal injections of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. However, considering the limitations of current anti-VEGF approaches, including the need for frequent injections, inadequate response in some patients, and a relatively short duration of effect, several new therapeutic modalities are under evaluation.

Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on the new treatment modalities for neovascular AMD, and the relevant studies were discussed.

Results: The treatment modalities for neovascular AMD include new anti-VEGF drugs, new drug delivery systems and new targets in the pathogenic cascade of choroidal neovascularization. These new modalities are in different phases of clinical development.

Conclusion: The results of the completed studies reporting the new therapeutic modalities for neovascular AMD thus far are promising.

Keywords: Aflibercept, age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, conbercept, designed ankyrin repeat proteins, encapsulated cell technology, pharmacotherapy, platelet derived growth factor, ranibizumab, squalamine, vascular endothelial growth factor.