Abstract

Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms such as discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability, with potential damage to the ocular surface. The principal pathological mechanisms of DED are hyperosmolarity and inflammation. These mechanisms are deeply interrelated and lead to a self-perpetuating “vicious circle”.

Methods: The objective of this review is to describe novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for DED.

Results: Based on the better understanding of the physiopathology of the disease, new treatment strategies have been developed.

Conclusion: The focus of the management of DED has been taken away from just reducing symptoms and redirected towards specific targets of its physiopathology, being inflammation the most addressed topic.

Keywords: Dry eye disease, physiopathology, treatment, drug development, molecular targeted treatments, anti-inflammatory agents, biologic agents, device development.