Abstract

Although loop diuretics are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF), their short and long-term effects are relatively unknown. The use of loop diuretics is essential in the management of HF, particularly during episodes of acute decompensation, therefore more than 90% of patients admitted with HF receive this drug. The administration of intravenous loop diuretics to patients with heart failure and congestion typically results in the improvement of dyspnea, pulmonary congestion and in the reduction of Left Ventricular (LV) filling pressures. However, little is known about its appropriate dose, timing and modality administration in patients with AHF: several side effects may result from the administration of high diuretics dose, including worsening kidney function, diuretic resistance and sympathetic overdrive. Furthermore, there is no specific strategy that shows a clear benefit in HF outcome in relation to continuous versus intermittent administration modalities. Current data based on small and heterogeneous studies did not demonstrate a clear risk benefit ratio and larger prospective trials need to be completed in order to be able to provide definitive recommendations in the future. Since every patient represents a single entity and may have different responses to the same treatment, the best clinical approach should take into account physical examination, neuro-hormonal overdrive and kidney functional status. Due to these reasons, treatment with loop diuretics should be specifically customized for each patient, until multicenter blinded trials will provide satisfactory answers regarding optimal dosing, modality administration and precise targets.

Keywords: Acute heart failure, hospitalization, loop diuretic, outcome, treatment, worsening renal function.

Graphical Abstract