Abstract

Kidney disease, whether acute or chronic, represents a major health hazard. Acute kidney injury (AKI) detection is based mainly on serum creatinine, which is considered to delay prompt diagnosis and management, thus increasing substantially patient morbidity and mortality and prolonged hospitalization. Several biomarkers have been evaluated as early prognostic markers of AKI. However, the vast majority of them are still far from being implicated into clinical practice. On the other hand, routine eGFR estimation and proteinuria monitoring have contributed to previous identification of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence, more sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed to enable us recognize individuals at increased risk for progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and occurrence of cardiovascular complications. This review focuses on the most important novel inflammatory biomarkers that have emerged for early prediction, monitoring and management of kidney disease.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury, biomarker, chronic kidney disease, inflammation, cardiovascular mortality, malnutrition, protein- energy wasting.