Author(s): Aleksey Porollo, Jaroslaw Meller, Yogesh Joshi, Vikash Jaiswal, A. George Smulian and Melanie T. Cushion
Page: [1575 - 1585] Pages: 11
* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a leading opportunistic infection in patients with weakened immune systems. The fungus causing the infection belongs to the genus, Pneumocystis, and its members are found in a large variety of mammals. Adaptation to the lung environment of a host with an intact immune system has been a key to its successful survival. Unfortunately, the metabolic strategies used by these fungi to grow and survive in this context are largely unknown. There were considerable impediments to standard approaches for investigation of this unique pathogen, the most problematic being the lack of a long term in vitro culture system. The absence of an ex vivo cultivation method remains today, and many fundamental scientific questions about the basic biology, metabolism, and life cycle of Pneumocystis are unanswered. Recent progress in sequencing of the Pneumocystis carinii genome, a species infecting rats, permitted a more informative search for genes and biological pathways within this pathogen that are known to be targets for existing antifungal agents. In this work, we review the classes of antifungal drugs with respect to their potential applicability to the treatment of PCP. Classes covered in the review are the azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and echinocandins. Factors limiting the use of standard antifungal treatments and the currently available alternatives (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, atovaquone, and pentamidine) are discussed. A summary of genomic sequences within Pneumocystis carinii associated with the corresponding targeted biological pathways is provided. All sequences are available via the Pneumocystis Genome Project at http://pgp.cchmc.org/.
Keywords: Antifungal agents, Antifungal drug resistance, Antifungal drug targets, Pneumocystis biological pathways, Pneumocystisgenome project, Pneumocystis pneumonia, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, atovaquone, pentamidine, immune system.
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CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"article" as access_level, j.issue_id, j.article_id from `user_access_article_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316683383 and j.to_ip >=316683383 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1735022192 and j.to_date >= 1735022192 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.article_id = 46334)
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select * from `article` where `first_page` < '1575' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 4755 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) desc limit 1
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select * from `article` where `last_page` > '1585' and is_uploaded = 1 and issue_id = 4755 order by cast(first_page as SIGNED) asc limit 1
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select `language_id` from `multilanguage` where `short_code` = 'en'
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select `source_lang_label`, `target_lang_label` from `multilanguage_labels` where `target_lang_id` = 1
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select `id` from `multilanguage_article` where `article_id` = 46334 limit 1
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select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `bd`.`content_id` where `b`.`banner_journal` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'J' and `bd`.`content_id` = 13 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1735022192 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1735022192 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
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select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e191407e6461b838da90474edc699c24'
Backtrace |
|
200
[]
[]
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