Abstract

GO is common in patients with Graves disease and is associated with significant morbidity. The clinical presentation is varied and often the diagnosis is delayed. Careful clinical assessment usually leads to an accurate diagnosis, though in a minority of atypical presentations imaging and other diagnostic tests may be necessary. The natural history is well-documented, but work is still required in developing measures of grading of the disease to assist in clinical decision-making.

Keywords: Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy Graves' orbitopathy, exophthalmos, thyroid eye disease, thyrotoxicosis, Clinical activity score, soft tissue involvement, proptosis, extraocular muscle involvement, corneal involvement