Abstract

The lack of therapies fostering remyelination and regeneration of the neural network deranged by the autoimmune attack occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS) is raising great expectations about stem cells therapies for tissue repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a possible treatment for MS due to the reported capacity of transdifferentiation into neural cells and their ability at modulating immune responses. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many other functional properties are likely to play a role in the therapeutic plasticity of MSCs, including antiapoptotic, trophic and anti-oxidant effects. These features are mostly based on the paracrine release of soluble molecules, often dictated by local environmental cues. Based on the modest evidence of long-term engraftment and the striking clinical effects that are observed immediately after MSCs administration in the experimental model of MS, we do not favor a major role for transdifferentiation as an important mechanism involved in the therapeutic effect of MSCs.

Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, central nervous system, autoimmunity, remyelination, Mesenchymal stem cells,, multiple sclerosis,, embryonic stem cells, neural cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), paracrine mechanisms, bone marrow (BM), mesenchymal multipotent progenitor cells, adaptive immunity, T cells, cytokine, B cells, dendritic, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, proteolipid protein (PLP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuro-genesis, oligodendrogenesis, chemokine receptors, natural killer cells, oxidative stress, neural precursor, immunogenicity, inflammation, graft versus host, stroke