Abstract

Cognition encompasses the interdisciplinary scientific study of the brain and its processes, including intelligence and behavior in living beings. While humans are typically born with the capacity for cognitive function, certain conditions such as infection and oxidative stress can lead to impaired cognition. Herbal drugs and phytochemicals are utilized to enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms associated with impaired cognition. Despite ongoing research, a complete cure for cognitive dysfunction remains elusive, with current treatments primarily providing symptomatic relief. This has prompted a review of the significance of phytochemicals and their potential mechanisms for improving cognitive functions.

For this review, a comprehensive literature search was conducted by referencing research and review articles published in reputable journals and available on web databases. The analysis of available literature revealed the prevalence of age-related cognitive dysfunction and dementia in the elderly. Traditional plant-based remedies are commonly used to address learning and memory deficits, but some available drugs pose the risk of being potentially toxic alkaloidal choline esterase inhibitors. Researchers have demonstrated that many plant-based drugs act through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), activation of antioxidants, and enhancement of blood flow to the brain.

The investigation of medicinal plants has led to the development of various successful drugs for improving cognition. These drugs belong to different classes of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, polyphenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acids. Although the precise mechanism of action of most natural/herbal drugs is still not fully understood, they have demonstrated promise in enhancing cognitive function. Herbal extracts and their compounds are not yet fully explored.

Keywords: Cognition, Herbal drug, Traditional medicine, Alzheimer's disease, Neurodegenerative, Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways, α7nAchR signaling.