Abstract

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is induced by antipsychotic drugs that have dopamineantagonising properties. It frequently causes physical and mental anguish in individuals, lowering their quality of life. Recent research on the aetiology and pathogenesis of TD indicates that genetic predisposition, treatment options, age, sex, and lifestyle factors are among the key risk factors contributing to the development of TD. Various genetic polymorphisms along with severe oxidative stress and other diseased conditions help to precipitate TD while on antipsychotic medications or other dopamine receptor blockers. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are at a higher likelihood of developing TD. The current piece of literature aims to review the probable underlying mechanisms of TD, explore its pathophysiology, address the diagnostic challenges, and present the available treatment options. This comprehensive analysis draws from a range of published peerreviewed publications, presenting the information in a clear and accessible manner.

Keywords: Tardive dyskinesia, movement disorder, dyskinesia, dopamine blockers, haloperidol, VMAT-2.