Abstract

Modern nanostructures must fulfill a wide range of functions to be valuable, leading to the combination of various nano-objects into hierarchical assemblies. Hybrid Nanoparticles (HNPs), comprised of multiple types of nanoparticles, are emerging as nanoscale structures with versatile applications. HNPs offer enhanced medical benefits compared to basic combinations of distinct components. They address the limitations of traditional nanoparticle delivery systems, such as poor water solubility, nonspecific targeting, and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. HNPs also facilitate the transition from anatomical to molecular imaging in lung cancer diagnosis, ensuring precision. In clinical settings, the selection of nanoplatforms with superior reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, easy preparation, and advanced functional and structural characteristics is para-mount. This study aims toextensively examine hybrid nanoparticles, focusing on their classification, drug delivery mechanisms, properties of hybrid inorganic nanoparticles, advancements in hybrid nanoparticle technology, and their biomedical applications, particularly emphasizing the utilization of smart hybrid nanoparticles. PHNPs enable the delivery of numerous anticancer, anti-leishmanial, and antifungal drugs, enhancing cellular absorption, bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery while reducing toxic side effects.