Abstract

Background: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil (CO) has been studied extensively for its antioxidant properties but faces several limitations, including high volatility, low aqueous solubility, and irritation.

Objective: We aimed to develop a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) to enhance the benefits of CO.

Methods: Using the emulsification sonication method, a liquid lipid component, surfactant concentration, and a co-surfactant were optimized to create CO-loaded NLC (CO-NLC). The developed CO-NLC was rigorously assessed for its stability during storage. Free radical scavenging activity and fibroblast oxidative stress protection were also measured to assess the antioxidant activity.

Results: The CO-NLC displayed a spherical shape with a hydrodynamic diameter of 125.77 ± 29.68 nm, homogenous particle distribution with polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.09, and a surface charge of -27.30 ± 4.56 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 97% and a good stability profile. Furthermore, free CO and CO-NLC displayed very strong free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 22.74 ± 0.57 μg/mL and 18.28 ± 2.63 μg/mL, respectively. However, only CO-NLC managed to protect fibroblast cells from the harmful effects of oxidative stress.

Conclusion: The NLC formulations improved free radical scavenging activity and effectively protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress compared to free CO.

Keywords: Clove essential oil, nanostructured lipid carrier, drug delivery, antioxidant, oxidative stress, fibroblast cells.

Graphical Abstract