Abstract

A number of studies have been conducted on the application of 3D models for drug discovery, drug sensitivity assessment, and drug toxicity. Most of these studies focused on disease modelling and attempted to control cellular differentiation, heterogeneity, and key physiological features to mimic organ reconstitution so that researchers could achieve an accurate response in drug evaluation. Recently, organoids have been used by various scientists due to their highly organotypic structure, which facilitates the translation from basic research to the clinic, especially in cancer research. With this tool, researchers can perform high-throughput analyses of compounds and determine the exact effect on patients based on their genetic variations, as well as develop personalized and combination therapies. Although there is a lack of standardization in organoid culture, patientderived organoids (PDOs) have become widely established and used for drug testing. In this review, we have discussed recent advances in the application of organoids and tumoroids not only in cancer research for drug screening but also in clinical trials to demonstrate the potential of organoids in translational medicine.

Graphical Abstract