A Comprehensive Review of 5G Networks for Sustainable and Smart
Cities

Sunil      Kumar; Varun      Vaid; Garima      Thakur
Abstract

The transition from the first generation of technology, which only had an analog voice, to the fifth generation, which also had connected gadgets, gave the technology a new structure and changed how people used it. Fifth-generation wireless technology, often known as 5G, is on the cusp of reaching its potential maximum data transfer rate with a peak data throughput of 20 gigabits per second (Gbps) and a typical data transfer rate of more than 100 megabits per second (Mbps). The internet of things serves as the cornerstone of the future, and it is projected that by 2025, individual users will use 13 times the amount of data that we do at this time. Therefore, 5G is extremely important and the main feature of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, which was ratified by all of the Member States of the United Nations in 2015, and is the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which represent an urgent call to action for all nations. These goals are referred to collectively as the "SDGs." This study intends to examine how 5G networks might serve as important facilitators for achieving sustainability and meeting some of the 17 SDGs. This is further highlighted by evaluating the sustainability metrics for 5G networks. Ultimately, this helps to demonstrate that 5G networks are environmentally, socially, and economically responsible. This study focuses on the five primary SDGs that are important for the growth of smart cities.
Graphical Abstract

[1]
A. Gohar,  and G. Nencioni, "The role of 5g technologies in a smart city: The case for intelligent transportation system", Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 5188, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095188]
[2]
S. Zhang, Y. Wang,  and W. Zhou, "Towards secure 5G networks: A survey", Comput. Netw., vol. 162, p. 106871, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.106871]
[3]
G. Mantas, N. Komninos, J. Rodriguez, E. Logota,  and H. Marques, "Security for 5G communications", Networks, no. May, pp. 207-220, 2015.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118867464.ch9]
[4]
P.P. Sriram, H.C. Wang, H.G. Jami,  and K. Srinivasan, "5G security: Concepts and challenges", Wirel. Netw., no. Jan, pp. 1-43, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03508-2_1]
[5]
X. Ji, K. Huang, L. Jin, H. Tang, C. Liu, Z. Zhong, W. You, X. Xu, H. Zhao, J. Wu,  and M. Yi, "Overview of 5G security technology", Sci. China Inf. Sci., vol. 61, no. 8, p. 081301, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-017-9426-4]
[6]
Z. Kotulski, T.W. Nowak, M. Sepczuk, M. Tunia, R. Artych, K. Bocianiak, T. Osko,  and J-P. Wary, "Towards constructive approach to end-to-end slice isolation in 5G networks", Eurasip J. Inf. Secur, vol. 2018, no. 1, p. 2, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13635-018-0072-0]
[7]
S. Sullivan, A. Brighente, S.A.P. Kumar,  and M. Conti, "5G security challenges and solutions: A review by OSI layers", IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 116294-116314, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3105396]
[8]
A. Moglia, K. Georgiou, B. Marinov, E. Georgiou, R.N. Berchiolli, R.M. Satava,  and A. Cuschieri, "5G in healthcare: From COVID-19 to future challenges", IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 4187-4196, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2022.3181205] [PMID:  35675255]
[9]
O. Kostoska,  and L. Kocarev, "A novel ICT framework for sustainable development goals", Sustainability (Basel), vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1961, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071961]
[10]
F. Fuso Nerini, B. Sovacool, N. Hughes, L. Cozzi, E. Cosgrave, M. Howells, M. Tavoni, J. Tomei, H. Zerriffi,  and B. Milligan, "Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals", Nat. Sustain., vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 674-680, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0334-y]
[11]
M. Nilsson, D. Griggs,  and M. Visbeck, "Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals", Nature, vol. 534, no. 7607, pp. 320-322, 2016.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/534320a] [PMID:  27306173]
[12]
L. Recuero Virto, "A preliminary assessment of the indicators for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”", Mar. Policy, vol. 98, pp. 47-57, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.08.036]
[13]
A. Baumgart, E.I. Vlachopoulou, J.D.R. Vera,  and S. Di Pippo, "Space for the Sustainable Development Goals: Mapping the contributions of space-based projects and technologies to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", Sustain. Earth, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42055-021-00045-6]
[14]
M. Matinmikko-Blue, S. Yrjölä, P. Ahokangas, K. Ojutkangas,  and E. Rossi, "6G and the UN SDGs: Where is the Connection?", Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 1339-1360, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09058-y]
[15]
S. Sengupta, S. Thakur, A. Badlani, H. Kanal,  and S. Chaudhary, "Vayu - A proposal to address the SDG for maintaining AQI through 5G/6G mobile network", In 2022 International Conference on Smart Technologies and Systems for Next Generation Computing (ICSTSN), 2022, pp. 1-6 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSTSN53084.2022.9761363]
[16]
S.S. Kamble, A. Gunasekaran,  and S.A. Gawankar, "Achieving sustainable performance in a data-driven agriculture supply chain: A review for research and applications", Int. J. Prod. Econ., vol. 219, pp. 179-194, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.05.022]
[17]
A. Di Vaio, R. Palladino, R. Hassan,  and O. Escobar, "Artificial intelligence and business models in the sustainable development goals perspective: A systematic literature review", J. Bus. Res., vol. 121, pp. 283-314, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.019]
[18]
R. Vinuesa, H. Azizpour, I. Leite, M. Balaam, V. Dignum, S. Domisch, A. Felländer, S.D. Langhans, M. Tegmark,  and F. Fuso Nerini, "The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals", Nat. Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 233, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y] [PMID:  31932590]
[19]
S. Jiang, K. Jakobsen, J. Bueie, J. Li,  and P.H. Haro, "A Tertiary Review on Blockchain and Sustainability With Focus on Sustainable Development Goals", IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 114975-115006, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3217683]
[20]
M. Masoudi, M.G. Khafagy, A. Conte, A. El-Amine, B. Francoise, C. Nadjahi, F.E. Salem, W. Labidi, A. Sural, A. Gati, D. Bodere, E. Arikan, F. Aklamanu, H. Louahlia-Gualous, J. Lallet, K. Pareek, L. Nuaymi, L. Meunier, P. Silva, N.T. Almeida, T. Chahed, T. Sjolund,  and C. Cavdar, "Green mobile networks for 5G and beyond", IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 107270-107299, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932777]
[21]
N. Eisenmenger, M. Pichler, N. Krenmayr, D. Noll, B. Plank, E. Schalmann, M-T. Wandl,  and S. Gingrich, "The Sustainable Development Goals prioritize economic growth over sustainable resource use: a critical reflection on the SDGs from a socio-ecological perspective", Sustain. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1101-1110, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00813-x]
[22]
F. Biermann, N. Kanie,  and R.E. Kim, "Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals", Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., vol. 26-27, pp. 26-31, 2017.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010]
[23]
K. David,  and H. Berndt, "6G Vision and requirements: Is there any need for beyond 5G?", IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 72-80, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2018.2848498]
[24]
S. Yrjölä, P. Ahokangas,  and M. Matinmikko-Blue, "Sustainability as a challenge and driver for novel ecosystemic 6G business scenarios", Sustainability (Basel), vol. 12, no. 21, p. 8951, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218951]
[25]
A. Georgakopoulos, A. Margaris, K. Tsagkaris,  and P. Demestichas, "Resource sharing in 5G contexts: Achieving sustainability with energy and resource efficiency", IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 40-49, 2016.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2015.2508319]
[26]
D. Añón Higón, R. Gholami,  and F. Shirazi, "ICT and environmental sustainability: A global perspective", Telemat. Inform., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 85-95, 2017.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.01.001]
[27]
J. Wu, S. Guo, H. Huang, W. Liu,  and Y. Xiang, "Information and communications technologies for sustainable development goals: State-of-the-art, needs and perspectives", IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2389-2406, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2812301]
[28]
K.I.S.Y.T. Ono, "Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) through ICT services", Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 17-22, 2017.
[29]
M.C. Suciu,  and A. Petre, ""The Role of 5G Technology in Sustainable Development of Smart Cities", Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. Fascicle I", Economics and Applied Informatics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 39-47, 2019.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/eai1584040930]
[30]
M.J. Shehab, I. Kassem, A.A. Kutty, M. Kucukvar, N. Onat,  and T. Khattab, "5G networks towards smart and sustainable cities: A review of recent developments, applications and future perspectives", IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 2987-3006, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3139436]
[31]
G.A. Akpakwu, B.J. Silva, G.P. Hancke,  and A.M. Abu-Mahfouz, "A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges", IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 3619-3647, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2779844]
[32]
P. Mishra, P. Thakur,  and G. Singh, "Sustainable Smart City to Society 5.0: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges", SAIEE Africa Research Journal, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 152-164, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/SAIEE.2022.9945865]
[33]
M. Yu, "Construction of Regional Intelligent Transportation System in Smart City Road Network via 5G Network", IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., pp. 1-9, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2022.3141731]
[34]
M. Dalla Cia, F. Mason, D. Peron, F. Chiariotti, M. Polese, T. Mahmoodi, M. Zorzi,  and A. Zanella, "Using Smart City Data in 5G Self-Organizing Networks", IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 645-654, 2018.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2752761]
[35]
S. Kaloti, F. Kamal, A. Al Mamun,  and B. Chowdhury, "Is Achieving Net-Zero Carbon Emissions Possible for Electric Utilities with Current Technology?", In 2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2021. 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654471]
[36]
H. Asano, D. Iioka, O. Kunitomo,  and Y. Nagatomi, "Net-Zero Emissions Energy Systems in an Internet of Energy (IoE) Society", In 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia), Himeji, Japan, 2022, pp. 1266-1270 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/IPEC-Himeji2022-ECCE53331.2022.9807150]
[37]
M.A. Evans, C. Bono,  and Y. Wang, "Toward Net-Zero Electricity in Europe: What Are the Challenges for the Power System?", IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 44-54, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2022.3167575]
[38]
J. Warichet, ""A global shift to E-mobility on the way to net-zero by 2050",5th E-Mobility Power System Integration Symposium (EMOB 2021)", In Hybrid Conference Germany, 2021, pp. 28-47 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2504]
[39]
Y.N.R. Li, M. Chen, J. Xu, L. Tian,  and K. Huang, "Power Saving Techniques for 5G and Beyond", IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 108675-108690, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3001180]
[40]
S. Kumar,  and H. Singh, "A Comprehensive Review of Metamaterials/Metasurface-Based MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications", J. Supercond. Nov. Magn., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 3025-3049, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-022-06408-0]
[41]
G. Thakur, H. Sohal,  and S. Jain, "A Novel ASIC-Based Variable Latency Speculative Parallel Prefix Adder for Image Processing Application", Circuits Syst. Signal Process., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 5682-5704, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-021-01741-6]
[42]
G. Thakur, H. Sohal,  and S. Jain, "FPGA-Based Parallel Prefix Speculative Adder for Fast Computation Application", In 2020 Sixth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), Waknaghat, India, 2020, pp. 206-210 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PDGC50313.2020.9315783]
[43]
Q. Wu, G.Y. Li, W. Chen, D.W.K. Ng,  and R. Schober, "An Overview of Sustainable Green 5G Networks", IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 72-80, 2017.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2017.1600343]
[44]
A. Narayanan, M.S. Korium, D.C. Melgarejo, H.M. Hussain, A.S. De Sena, P.E. Goria Silva, D. Gutierrez-Rojas, M. Ullah, A. Esmaeel Nezhad, M. Rasti, E. Pournaras,  and P.H.J. Nardelli, "Collective Intelligence Using 5G: Concepts, Applications, and Challenges in Sociotechnical Environments", IEEE Access, vol. 10, no. July, pp. 70394-70417, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3184035]
[45]
H.R. Chi,  and A. Radwan, "Multi-Objective Optimization of Green Small Cell Allocation for IoT Applications in Smart City", IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 101903-101914, 2020.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2997761]
[46]
H. Chen, L. Yuan,  and G. Jing, "5G Boosting Smart Cities Development", In 2020 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Manufacture (AIAM) Manchester, United Kingdom, 2020, pp. 154-157 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AIAM50918.2020.00038]
[47]
S. Kapur, "Keynote Talk 3: Technology for Meeting the SDGs by 2030", In Data and Analytics Workshop (HiPCW), 2019, pp. 81-81 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/HiPCW.2019.00028]
[48]
C. Fredriksson,  and M. Dwek, "Sustainable Development in Engineering Education", In 2021 World Engineering Education Forum/Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF/GEDC), Madrid Spain, 2021, pp. 1-6 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WEEF/GEDC53299.2021.9657227]
[49]
G. Thakur, H. Sohal,  and S. Jain, "A novel parallel prefix adder for optimized Radix-2 FFT processor", Multidimens. Syst. Signal Process., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1041-1063, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11045-021-00772-1]
[50]
G. Thakur, H. Sohal,  and S. Jain, "Design and Analysis of High-Speed Parallel Prefix Adder for Digital Circuit Design Applications", In 2020 International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE), Shillong, India, 2020, pp. 095-100 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ComPE49325.2020.9200064]
[51]
M. Mehrnoush, C. Hu,  and C. Aldana, "AR/VR Spectrum Requirement for Wi-Fi 6E and Beyond", IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 133016-133026, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3231229]
[52]
B. Kizilkaya, G. Zhao, Y.A. Sambo, L. Li,  and M.A. Imran, "5G-Enabled Education 4.0: Enabling Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions", IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 166962-166969, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3136361]
[53]
E-M. Oproiu, M. Iordache, C. Patachia, C. Costea,  and I. Marghescu, "Development and implementation of a Smart City Use Case in a 5G mobile network’s operator", In 2017 25th Telecommunication Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, Serbia, 2017, pp. 1-4 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TELFOR.2017.8249292]
[54]
M. Usman, A.A. Gebremariam, U. Raza,  and F. Granelli, "A Software-Defined Device-to-Device Communication Architecture for Public Safety Applications in 5G Networks", IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 1649-1654, 2015.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2479855]
[55]
A. Israr, Q. Yang, W. Li,  and A.Y. Zomaya, "Renewable energy powered sustainable 5G network infrastructure: Opportunities, challenges and perspectives", J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 175, p. 102910, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102910]
[56]
P. Kachroo,  and S. Sastry, "Traffic Assignment Using a Density-Based Travel-Time Function for Intelligent Transportation Systems", IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1438-1447, 2016.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2503348]
[57]
X. Wang, X. Zheng, W. Chen,  and F.Y. Wang, "Visual Human–Computer Interactions for Intelligent Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems: The State of the Art and Future Directions", IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 253-265, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2020.3040262]
[58]
E.N. Barmpounakis, E.I. Vlahogianni,  and J.C. Golias, "Intelligent Transportation Systems and Powered Two Wheelers Traffic", IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 908-916, 2016.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2015.2497406]
[59]
R.K. Sakshi Popli, R.K. Jha,  and S. Jain, "A comprehensive survey on Green ICT with 5G-NB-IoT: Towards sustainable planet", Comput. Netw., vol. 199, p. 108433, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108433]
[60]
Z. Allam,  and D.S. Jones, "Future (post-COVID) digital, smart and sustainable cities in the wake of 6G: Digital twins, immersive realities and new urban economies", Land Use Policy, vol. 101, p. 105201, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105201]
[61]
Y.I.A. Al-Yasir, A.M. Abdulkhaleq, N.O. Parchin, I.T. Elfergani, J. Rodriguez, J.M. Noras, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, A. Rayit,  and R. Qahwaji, "Green and Highly Efficient MIMO Transceiver System for 5G Heterogenous Networks", IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 500-511, 2022.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGCN.2021.3100399]
[62]
M.A. Albreem, A.M. Sheikh, M.H. Alsharif, M. Jusoh,  and M.N. Mohd Yasin, "Green Internet of Things (GIoT): Applications, Practices, Awareness, and Challenges", IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 38833-38858, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061697]
[63]
S. Han, T. Xie,  and C-L. i, "Greener physical layer technologies for 6g mobile communications", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 68-74, 2021.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.2000484]
Cite As
Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering

A Comprehensive Review of 5G Networks for Sustainable and Smart Cities

Abstract

Graphical Abstract
