Impacts of Nanofluids and Nanomaterials on Environment and Human
Health: A Review

Bijoya      Bhattacharjee; Shreyashree      Dutta; Torshaa      Maity; Sharadia      Dey; Sabyasachi      Mondal; Subhrojyoti      Bhowmick
Abstract

The terms nanoscience and nanotechnology are associated with almost every major industry in today’s fast growing and fast-moving world. Along with the intense growth of nanotechnology, an extensive number of newer formulations developed to contribute to the futuristic demands. Nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometre sized particles which enhance the particular properties of that liquid designed for a particular purpose. From automobiles to simple cosmetics, the use of nanotechnology has significantly increased productivity and effectiveness. As every coin has two sides, the advancement of nanotechnology is a boon, but it is also leading to future disasters. Nanofluids have extensive applications in today’s life. The use of nanofluids has increased significantly. For example, without lubricants, the heavy industrial machinery or common automobile like bicycle, car and truck, their efficiency will reduce to a massive extent. Nanofluids are found in the forms of cosmetics and detergents in every household. As nanofluids have become an essential part of human life, for which nanoparticals, get easily released and disposed of into the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. This alarming rate of release and disposal of nanoparticles leads to environmental pollution and imbalance in the biosphere. This imbalance and high rate of emission of nanoparticles in the atmosphere is eventually entering the interstitium and thus affect the lungs and other organ systems. This study aims to highlight the major effects of nanoparticles on the environment and human health.
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Taylor, R.; Coulombe, S.; Otanicar, T.; Phelan, P.; Gunawan, A.; Lv, W.; Rosengarten, G.; Prasher, R.; Tyagi, H. Small particles, big impacts: A review of the diverse applications of nanofluids. J. Appl. Phys.,  2013, 113(1), 011301.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4754271]

[2]
Buongiorno, J. Convective transport in nanofluids: Semantic scholar.  Available From: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Convective-Transport-in-Nanofluids-Buongiorno/7639902cc03f11cbc2b7da1472b7e5ebd9816d4b [Accessed on Feb 7, 2023].

[3]
Schneider, G.; Gohla, S.; Schreiber, J.; Kaden, W.; Schönrock, U.; Schmidt-Lewerkühne, H.; Kuschel, A.; Petsitis, X.; Pape, W.; Ippen, H.; Diembeck, W. Skin Cosmetics. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; , 2001. 
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a24_219]

[4]
Personal Care & Cosmetic Industry Insights & Trends.  Available From: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/consumer-goods/personal-care-and-cosmetic-market-report [Accessed on Feb 7, 2023].

[5]
Cernansky, R. Beauty has a waste problem, and it’s not packaging.  Available From: http://www.voguebusiness.com/sustainability/beauty-has-a-waste-problem-and-its-not-packaging/amp [Accessed on Feb 7, 2023].

[6]
Norval, M.; Lucas, R.M.; Cullen, A.P.; de Gruijl, F.R.; Longstreth, J.; Takizawa, Y.; van der Leun, J.C. The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.,  2011, 10(2), 199-225.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0pp90044c] [PMID: 21253670]

[7]
Polderman, M.C.A.; Wintzen, M.; Cessie, S.; Pavel, S. UVA-1 cold light therapy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: 61 patients treated in the Leiden University Medical Center. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed.,  2005, 21(2), 93-96.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00150.x] [PMID: 15752127]

[8]
Lau, M.; Waag, F.; Barcikowski, S. Direct Integration of Laser-Generated Nanoparticles into Transparent Nail Polish: The Plasmonic “Goldfinger”. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,  2017, 56(12), 3291-3296.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00039]

[9]
Giokas, D.L.; Salvador, A.; Chisvert, A. UV filters: From sunscreens to human body and the environment. Trends Analyt. Chem.,  2007, 26(5), 360-374.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2007.02.012]

[10]
Brausch, J.M.; Rand, G.M. A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere,  2011, 82(11), 1518-1532.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018] [PMID: 21185057]

[11]
Balmer, M.E.; Buser, H.R.; Müller, M.D.; Poiger, T. Occurrence of some organic UV filters in wastewater, in surface waters, and in fish from Swiss Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol.,  2005, 39(4), 953-962.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es040055r] [PMID: 15773466]

[12]
Young, O. The environmental impact of cosmetics is tremendous-here’s why.  Available From: https://www.treehugger.com/environmental-impact-of-cosmetics-5207672 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[13]
Zhong, L.; Batterman, S.; Milando, C.W. VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: A pilot study in Michigan, USA. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health,  2019, 92(1), 141-153.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0] [PMID: 30276513]

[14]
Amann, M.; Kiesewetter, G.; Schöpp, W.; Klimont, Z.; Winiwarter, W.; Cofala, J.; Rafaj, P.; Höglund-Isaksson, L.; Gomez-Sabriana, A.; Heyes, C.; Purohit, P.; Borken-Kleefeld, J.; Wagner, F.; Sander, R.; Fagerli, H.; Nyiri, A.; Cozzi, L.; Pavarini, C. Reducing global air pollution: The scope for further policy interventions. Philos. Trans.- Royal Soc., Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.,  2020, 378(2183), 20190331.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0331] [PMID: 32981437]

[15]
Ferin, J.; Oberdörster, G.; Penney, D.P. Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.,  1992, 6(5), 535-542.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/6.5.535] [PMID: 1581076]

[16]
Oberdörster, G.; Ferin, J.; Gelein, R.; Soderholm, S.C.; Finkelstein, J. Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: Studies with ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect.,  1992, 97, 193-199.
 [PMID: 1396458]

[17]
Wang, J.; Fan, Y. Lung injury induced by TiO2 nanoparticles depends on their structural features: Size, shape, crystal phases, and surface coating. Int. J. Mol. Sci.,  2014, 15(12), 22258-22278.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms151222258] [PMID: 25479073]

[18]
Rodgers, L. Climate change: The massive CO2 emitter you may not know about.  Available From: https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46455844 [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[19]
Optimise our customers' air and gas handling processes.  Available From: http://www.howden.com/ [Accessed on Feb 7, 2023].

[20]
Global Waste Cleaning Network - GWCN.  Available From: http://www.gwcnweb.org/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[21]
Lehne, J.; Preston, F. Making concrete change: Innovation in lowcarbon cement and concrete.  Available From: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2018/06/making-concrete-change-innovation-low-carbon-cement-and-concrete (accessed Feb 9, 2023).

[22]
Hargreaves, D. The Global Cement Report, 10th ed; Tradeship Publications: Dorking, 2013. 

[23]
Other uses of coal.  Available From: https://www.worldcoal.org/coal-facts/other-uses-of-coal/ [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[24]
Watts, J.C. The most destructive material on Earth.  Available From: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/feb/25/concrete-the-most-destructive-material-on-earth [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[25]
Shirazi, R.; Sella, D.I.; Perkol-Finkel, D.S. Case study: Reducing the carbon footprint of concrete based coastal and marine infrastructure.  Available From: https://econcretetech.com/case-study/reducing-the-carbon-footprint-of-concrete-based-coastal-and-marine-infrastructure/ [Accessed on Feb 7, 2023].

[26]
Kumar, S.; Bansal, N.C. Growth of indian cement industries: An analysis. Int. J. Manag. Res. Rev., Meerut,  2013, 3(1), 2156.

[27]
Friedlingstein, P.; O’Sullivan, M.; Jones, M.W.; Andrew, R.M.; Gregor, L.; Hauck, J.; Le Quéré, C.; Luijkx, I.T.; Olsen, A.; Peters, G.P.; Peters, W.; Pongratz, J.; Schwingshackl, C.; Sitch, S.; Canadell, J.G.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R.B.; Alin, S.R.; Alkama, R.; Arneth, A.; Arora, V.K.; Bates, N.R.; Becker, M.; Bellouin, N.; Bittig, H.C.; Bopp, L.; Chevallier, F.; Chini, L.P.; Cronin, M.; Evans, W.; Falk, S.; Feely, R.A.; Gasser, T.; Gehlen, M.; Gkritzalis, T.; Gloege, L.; Grassi, G.; Gruber, N.; Gürses, Ö.; Harris, I.; Hefner, M.; Houghton, R.A.; Hurtt, G.C.; Iida, Y.; Ilyina, T.; Jain, A.K.; Jersild, A.; Kadono, K.; Kato, E.; Kennedy, D.; Klein Goldewijk, K.; Knauer, J.; Korsbakken, J.I.; Landschützer, P.; Lefèvre, N.; Lindsay, K.; Liu, J.; Liu, Z.; Marland, G.; Mayot, N.; McGrath, M.J.; Metzl, N.; Monacci, N.M.; Munro, D.R.; Nakaoka, S.I.; Niwa, Y.; O’Brien, K.; Ono, T.; Palmer, P.I.; Pan, N.; Pierrot, D.; Pocock, K.; Poulter, B.; Resplandy, L.; Robertson, E.; Rödenbeck, C.; Rodriguez, C.; Rosan, T.M.; Schwinger, J.; Séférian, R.; Shutler, J.D.; Skjelvan, I.; Steinhoff, T.; Sun, Q.; Sutton, A.J.; Sweeney, C.; Takao, S.; Tanhua, T.; Tans, P.P.; Tian, X.; Tian, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Tsujino, H.; Tubiello, F.; van der Werf, G.R.; Walker, A.P.; Wanninkhof, R.; Whitehead, C.; Willstrand Wranne, A.; Wright, R.; Yuan, W.; Yue, C.; Yue, X.; Zaehle, S.; Zeng, J.; Zheng, B. Global Carbon Budget 2022. Earth Syst. Sci. Data,  2022, 14(11), 4811-4900.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022]

[28]
Why cement emissions matter for climate change.  Available From: https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-why-cement-emissions-matter-for-climate-change/ [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[29]
Berkes, H. EPA regulations give kilns permission to pollute.  Available From: https://www.npr.org/2011/11/10/142183546/epa-regulations-give-kilns-permission-to-pollute  [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[30]
Rahmani, A.H.; Almatroudi, A.; Babiker, A.Y.; Khan, A.A.; Alsahly, M.A. Effect of Exposure to Cement Dust among the Workers: An Evaluation of Health Related Complications. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci.,  2018, 6(6), 1159-1162.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.233] [PMID: 29983820]

[31]
Richard, E.E.; Augusta Chinyere, N.A.; Jeremaiah, O.S.; Opara, U.C.A.; Henrieta, E.M.; Ifunanya, E.D. Cement dust exposure and perturbations in some elements and lung and liver functions of cement factory workers. J. Toxicol.,  2016, 2016, 6104719.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6104719] [PMID: 26981118]

[32]
Feynman, R.P. The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Volume 2, Mainly Electromagnetism and Matter; Basicbooks: London: New York, 2011. 

[33]
Nanoelectronics; Nanotechnology in Electronics.  Available From: https://www.understandingnano.com/nanotechnology-electronics.html [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[34]
Explained: How Semiconductor Industry Worsens Climate Change.  Available From: https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/explained-how-semiconductor-industry-worsens-climate-change-10809741.html [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[35]
Temperton, J. Toxic e-waste in Asia jumps 63% in five years.  Available From: https://www.wired.co.uk/article/un-south-east-south-asia-e-waste-environment [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[36]
Murton, J.E.; Bavington, D.; Dokis, C.A. Subsistence Under Capitalism: Historical and contemporary perspectives; McGill-Queen's University Press: Montreal, 2016. 

[37]
Environmental Handbook. Environ. Health Perspect.,  1999 Nov;107(11), A550.
 [PMCID: PMC1566705]

[38]
Creating a circular economy for ICT equipment.  Available From: https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/e-waste.aspx [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[39]
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Polybrominated Biphenyls.  Available From: https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/PBDEs_FactSheet.html [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[40]
Adams, R. E-waste and How to Reduce It.  Available From: https://climate.org/e-waste-and-how-to-reduce-it/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[41]
DeRosa, M.C.; Monreal, C.; Schnitzer, M.; Walsh, R.; Sultan, Y. Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nat. Nanotechnol.,  2010, 5(2), 91-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.2] [PMID: 20130583]

[42]
Savci, S. An Agricultural Pollutant: Chemical Fertilizer. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev.,  2010, 3(1)

[43]
Khodakovskaya, M.; Dervishi, E.; Mahmood, M.; Xu, Y.; Li, Z.; Watanabe, F.; Biris, A.S. Carbon nanotubes are able to penetrate plant seed coat and dramatically affect seed germination and plant growth. ACS Nano,  2009, 3(10), 3221-3227.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900887m] [PMID: 19772305]

[44]
Mejias, J.H.; Salazar, F.; Pérez Amaro, L.; Hube, S.; Rodriguez, M.; Alfaro, M. Nanofertilizers: A cutting-edge approach to increase nitrogen use efficiency in grasslands.  Available From: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.635114/full [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.635114]

[45]
Verma, S.K.; Das, A.K. Engineered nanomaterials and phytonanotechnology: Challenges for Plant Sustainability; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, North Holland, 2019, 87, pp. 2-326.

[46]
Sohail, M. I.; Waris, A. A.; Ayub, M. A.; Usman, M. Environmental Application of Nanomaterials: A Promise to Sustainable Future. Engineered Nanomaterials and Phytonanotechnology: Challenges for Plant Sustainability, 2019.

[47]
Korkmaz, K. Tarım Girdi Sisteminde Azot Ve Azot Kirliliği. Ziraat, 2007. 

[48]
Sonmez, İ.; Kaplan, M.; Sonmez, S. Effect of chemical fertilizers on environmental pollution and its prevention methods.  Available From: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TR2015300055 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[49]
Rivers, C.N.; Barrett, M.H.; Hiscock, K.M.; Dennis, P.F.; Feast, N.A.; Lerner, D.N. Use of nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrogen contamination of the sherwood sandstone aquifer beneath the city of Nottingham, United Kingdom. Hydrogeol. J.,  2012, 4(1), 90-102.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050099]

[50]
Goss, M.J.; Barry, D.A.J.; Rudolph, D.L. Contamination in Ontario farmstead domestic wells and its association with agriculture. J. Contam. Hydrol.,  1998, 32(3-4), 267-293.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(98)00054-0]

[51]
Kaplan, M.; Sonmez, S.; Tokmak, S. The nitrate content of well waters in the kumluca region-antalya. Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry,  1996, 23(3), 309-314.

[52]
Kaçaroğlu, F.; Günay, G. Groundwater nitrate pollution in an alluvium aquifer, Eskişehir urban area and its vicinity, Turkey. Environ. Geol.,  1997, 31(3-4), 178-184.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050178]

[53]
Sonmez, I.; Kaplan, M.; Sonmez, S. Investigation of seasonal changes in nitrate contents of soils and irrigation waters in greenhouses located in antalya-demre region. Asian J. Chem; , 2007, 19, pp. (7)5639-5646.

[54]
Savci, S. Investigation of Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Environment. APCBEE Procedia,  2012, 1, 287-292.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047]

[55]
Threats to Coral Reefs.  Available From: https://www.epa.gov/coral-reefs/threats-coral-reefs [Accessed on Feb 9, 2023].

[56]
Fertilizer & Water. Indiana clear choices clean water.  Available From: https://indiana.clearchoicescleanwater.org/pledges/lawns/fertilizer-impacts/#void [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[57]
Mümtaz Turgut, T.; Brohi, A.; Resit, B.A.; Rüştü., K.M Environmental pollution; T.C. Çevre Bakanlığı: Ankara, 1998. 

[58]

PTI. Financialexpress,  Available From: https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/centre-to-ensure-higher-opening-stock-of-urea-dap-for-next-kharif-season-govt-official/2429664/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[59]
Atilgan, A.; Coskan, A.; Saltuk, B.; Erkan, M. Chemical and organic fertilizer usage levels and possible environmental effects in greenhouses in antalya region. Ekoloji,  2007, 15(62), 37-47.

[60]
Shaviv, A. Advances in controlled-release fertilizers. Adv. Agron.,  2001, 71, 1-49.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(01)71011-5]

[61]
Liu, H.; Yang, H.; Fang, Y.; Li, K.; Tian, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, W.; Tan, Y.; Lai, W.; Bian, L.; Lin, B.; Xi, Z. Corrigendum to “Neurotoxicity and biomarkers of zinc oxide nanoparticles in main functional brain regions and dopaminergic neurons” Sci. Total Environ. 705 (2020)135809/STOTEN-135809. Sci. Total Environ.,  2021, 765, 145120.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145120] [PMID: 33485627]

[62]
Monsé, C.; Raulf, M.; Hagemeyer, O.; van Kampen, V.; Kendzia, B.; Gering, V.; Marek, E.M.; Jettkant, B.; Bünger, J.; Merget, R.; Brüning, T. Airway inflammation after inhalation of nano-sized zinc oxide particles in human volunteers. BMC Pulm. Med.,  2019, 19(1), 266.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-1026-0] [PMID: 31888596]

[63]
Household Cleaning Products.  Available From: https://www.munciesanitary.org/departments/recycling/household-hazardous-waste/household-cleaning-products/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[64]
Sample, I. Cleaning products a big source of urban air pollution, say scientists.  Available From: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/15/cleaning-products-urban-pollution-scientists [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[65]
Tan, S. Household products contribute to city pollution.  Available From: https://www.concrete-online.co.uk/household-products-contribute-city-pollution/  [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[66]
Cleaning supplies and household chemicals.  Available From: https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/cleaning-supplies-household-chem [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[67]
Basics, L. Lubrication Basics.  Available From: https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/24100/lubrication-basics [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[68]
Totten, G.E.; Shah, R.J.; Forester, D.R. Fuels and lubricants handbook: Technology, properties, performance, and testing; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2019. 

[69]
Garrett, S. Vegetable oil for lubricating chain saws.  Available From: https://www.fs.usda.gov/t-d/library-card.php?p_num=9851+1316 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[70]
Wu, M.M.; Ho, S.C.; Forbus, T.R. Synthetic lubricant base stock processes and products. Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing; , 2006, pp. 553-577.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25789-1_17]

[71]
Kijeńska, D. Mineral oils: Marking method.  Available From: https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.baztech-af1a980b-4036-417b-affe-626b45984d9d [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[72]
Beran, E. Impact of chemical structure of base lubricating oils on their biodegradability and selected operating properties.  Available From: https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPW8-0012-0010 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[73]
Syahir, A.Z.; Zulkifli, N.W.M.; Masjuki, H.H.; Kalam, M.A.; Alabdulkarem, A.; Gulzar, M.; Khuong, L.S.; Harith, M.H. A review on bio-based lubricants and their applications. J. Clean. Prod.,  2017, 168, 997-1016.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.106]

[74]
Farfan-Cabrera, L.I.; Gallardo, E.; Gómez-Guarneros, M.; Hernandez Peña, A. Tribological performance of an engine mineral oil blended with a vegetable oil under approached long-term use conditions. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2019.

[75]
Transportation of steel coils, transporting steel cargo.  Available From: https://asstra.com/industries/steel-industry/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[76]
Włodarczyk-Makuła, M. Threat of water environment pollution with petroleum compounds. Apparatus,  2016, 21(1), 12-16.

[77]
Wojtkowiak, R.; Tomczak, R.J. A comparative analysis of selected properties of oils lubricating the chase of the chase.  Available From: https://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-article-dfc0659c-a307-4296-b455-940b24602f76 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[78]
Aluyor, E.O.; Ori-jesu, M. Biodegradation of mineral oils – a review.  Available From: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/59986 (accessed Feb 10, 2023).

[79]
Stelmaszuk, W.; Linowska, E.; Podedworny, I.; Antoniuk, N. Petroleum compounds - Criteria and methodology of contamination evaluation. Proceedings of the National Scientific Symposium, Petroleum compounds - criteria and methodology for assessing contamination, 1994.

[80]
Abosede, E.E. Effect of crude oil pollution on some soil physical properties. IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci.,  2013, 6(3), 14-17.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2380-0631417]

[81]
Dmochowska, A.; Dmochowski, D.; Biedugnis, S. Characteristics of the biore cultination of soils contaminated with petroleum products by the method of ex situ.  Available From: https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-04d6e485-e916-457b-b437-2fdc9b18a61a [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[82]
Krzemińska, S.; Irzmańska, E. Risk of mineral oils at workplaces and new solutions of polymeric protective materials in selected personal protective equipment. Med. Pr.,  2011, 62(4), 435-443.
 [PMID: 21995113]

[83]
Oil and chemical pollution.  Available From: https://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Marine-pollution/Oil-chemical-pollution [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023).

[84]
Neri, F.; Foderi, C.; Laschi, A.; Fabiano, F.; Cambi, M.; Sciarra, G.; Aprea, M.C.; Cenni, A.; Marchi, E. Determining exhaust fumes exposure in chainsaw operations. Environ. Pollut.,  2016, 218, 1162-1169.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.070] [PMID: 27614911]

[85]
Gawęda, E.; Bednarek, K.; Szydło, Z. Determination of oil mist in the air at workplaces using the gravimetric method.  Available From: https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-6974cabb-fbc5-47e3-8e83-f0a5a3384917 (accessed Feb 10, 2023).

[86]
Rogoś, E.; Urbański, A. Tribological characteristics of vegetable base oils for hydraulic oils.  Available From: https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BPS1-0042-0027 (accessed Feb 10, 2023).

[87]
Ramadan, K.M.A.; Azeiz, A.Z.A.; Hassanien, S.E.; Eissa, H.F. Biodegradation of used lubricating and diesel oils by a new yeast strain candida viswanathii ka-2011.  Available From: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/129409 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.1339]

[88]
Stryker, W.A. Absorption of liquid petrolatum ("mineral oil") from the intestine : A histologic and Chemical Study.  Available From: https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9570793 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[89]
Ebert, A.G.; Schleifer, C.R.; Hess, S.M. Absorption, disposition, and excretion of 3H-mineral oil in rats. J. Pharm. Sci.,  1966, 55(9), 923-929.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550911] [PMID: 5918529]

[90]
Shyamanski, L.K.; Kommineni, P.M.; Naro, P.A.; Mackerer, C.R. Oral absorption and pharmacokinetic studies of radiolabeled normal paraffinic, isoparaffinic and cycloparaffinic surrogatesin white oil in fischer 344 rats. Proceedings of the Transcript of the Toxicology Forum, Special Meeting on Mineral Hydrocarbons; Oxford, UK, 1992, pp. 86-101.

[91]
Bollinger, J.N. Metabolic fate of mineral oil adjuvants using 14C-labeled tracers. I. Mineral oil. J. Pharm. Sci.,  1970, 59(8), 1084-1088.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600590804] [PMID: 4989723]

[92]
Löf, A.; Lam, H.R.; Gullstrand, E.; Øtergaard, G.; Ladefoged, O. Distribution of dearomatised white spirit in brain, blood, and fat tissue after repeated exposure of rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol.,  1999, 85(4), 92-97.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb00072.x] [PMID: 10488691]

[93]
Noria Corporation. How extreme operating conditions affect lubrication.  Available From: https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/31232/extreme-conditions-lubrication [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[94]
The Open University.  Available From: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/environmental-studies/eutrophication/content-section-0?intro=1 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023).

[95]
Kurowski, G.; Vogt, O.; Ogonowski, J. Active ingredients in paint strippers.  Available From: https://www.ejournals.eu/Czasopismo-Techniczne/2017/Volume-1/art/8877/  [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2353737XCT.17.003.6100]

[96]
Painting 101: Oil or Latex?  Available From: https://www.hgtv.com/design/decorating/design-101/painting-101-oil-or-latex  [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[97]
Tholund, M. Magical exterior colour-change: The BMW IX flow featuring E ink.  Available From: https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0363158EN/magical-exterior-colour-change:-the-bmw-ix-flow-featuring-e-ink?language=en  [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023).

[98]
Cuffari, B. Nanotechnology in the paint industry.  Available From: https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4710 [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[99]
Li, J.; Cao, J.; Yong-guan, Z.; Chen, Q. lin; Shen, F.; Wu, Y.; Su, X.; Fan, H.; Da, G.; Huang, Ru-jin; Wang, J.; Lorelei de Jesus, A.; Morawska, L.; Chan, Chak. K; Peccia, J.; Yao, M. Global Survey of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Air. Environ. Sci. Technol.,  2018, 52(19), 10975-10984.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02204] [PMID: 30043612]

[100]
Porwal, T. Paint pollution harmful effects on environment. International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH,  2015, 3(9SE), 1-4.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9SE.2015.3204]

[101]
WorldAtlas. What Causes Soil Pollution?  Available From: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-causes-soil-pollution.html [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[102]
Skalska, J.; Strużyńska, L. Toxic effects of silver nanoparticles in mammals – does a risk of neurotoxicity exist? Folia Neuropathol.,  2015, 4(4), 281-300.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/fn.2015.56543] [PMID: 26785363]

[103]
Dumková, J.; Smutná, T.; Vrlíková, L.; Le Coustumer, P.; Večeřa, Z.; Dočekal, B.; Mikuška, P.; Čapka, L.; Fictum, P.; Hampl, A.; Buchtová, M. Sub-chronic inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles revealed their broad distribution and tissue-specific subcellular localization in target organs. Part Fibre Toxicol.,  2017, 14(1), 55.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12989-017-0236-y]

[104]
Life Cycle of a Plastic Product.  Available From: https://web.archive.org/web/20100317004747/http:/www.americanchemistry.com/s_plastics/doc.asp?CID=1571&DID=5972 [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[105]
Rastgar, I. The future of plastics and Nanotechnology - Rastgar Air Compressors.  Available From: https://rastgar-co.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/The-Future-of-Plastics-and-Nanotechnology-by-Imtiaz-Rastgar.pdf [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[106]
Parker, L. The world’s Plastic Pollution Crisis explained.  Available From: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/worlds-plastic-pollution-crisis-explained [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[107]
Singh, A. Escalating threat of solid waste pollution.  Available From: https://www.techgape.com/2015/04/solid-waste-management.html [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[108]
Dodd, C. 10 countries producing the most plastic waste.  Available From: https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/10-countries-producing-the-most-plastic-waste.html [Accessed on Feb 10,  2023].

[109]
Ritchie, H.; Roser, M. Plastic pollution.  Available From: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[110]
Parker, L. Plastic trash flowing into the seas will nearly triple by 2040 without drastic action.  Available From: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/plastic-trash-in-seas-will-nearly-triple-by-2040-if-nothing-done [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[111]
Microplastics in the Surface Ocean, OWID.svg.  Available From: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/microplastics-in-ocean [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[112]
Wang, Y-L.; Lee, Y-H.; Hsu, Y-H.; Chiu, I-J.; Huang, C.C-Y.; Huang, C-C.; Chia, Z-C.; Lee, C-P.; Lin, Y-F.; Chiu, H-W. The kidney-related effects of polystyrene microplastics on human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells HK-2 and male C57BL/6 mice. Environ Health Perspect.,  2021, 129(5), 57003. Available From: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101928/ [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[113]
Zhao, J.; Gomes, D.; Jin, L.; Mathis, S.P.; Li, X.; Rouchka, E.C.; Bodduluri, H.; Conklin, D.J.; O’Toole, T.E. Polystyrene bead ingestion promotes adiposity and cardiometabolic disease in mice. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.,  2022, 232, 113239.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113239] [PMID: 35093814]

[114]
Liu, T.; Hou, B.; Wang, Z.; Yang, Y. Polystyrene microplastics induce mitochondrial damage in mouse GC-2 cells. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.,  2022, 237, 113520.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113520] [PMID: 35489138]

[115]
Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Li, J.; Tang, R.; Miu, Y.; Ma, X. Research on the influence of microplastics on marine life. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.,  2021, 631(1), 012006.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/631/1/012006]

[116]
Lebreton, L.; Egger, M.; Slat, B. A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean. Sci. Rep.,  2019, 9(1), 12922.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49413-5] [PMID: 31515537]

[117]
Global status report on road safety 2018. Road traffic injuries. 2018. Available From: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[118]
Nemmar, A.; Yuvaraju, P.; Beegam, S.; Pathan, J.; Kazzam, E.E.; Ali, B.H. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in multiple organs of mice acutely exposed to amorphous silica nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed.,  2016, 11, 919-928.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S92278] [PMID: 27022259]

[119]
Pollution dumped tyre.  Available From: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pollution-dumped-tyre-gm184379589-17572047 [Accessed Feb 10, 2023].

[120]
Hardy, S. Press release: Pollution from tyre wear 1,000 times worse than exhaust emissions.  Available From: https://www.emissionsanalytics.com/news/pollution-tyre-wear-worse-exhaust-emissions [Accessed on: Feb 10, 2023].

[121]
Rajeev, R. “Zero-emission tyres” by the tyre collective.  Available From: https://www.scinnovation.in/blogs/2021/05/13/zero-emission-tyres-by-the-tyre-collective/ [Accessed on Feb 10, 2023].

[122]
Baensch-Baltruschat, B.; Kocher, B.; Stock, F.; Reifferscheid, G. Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. Sci. Total Environ.,  2020, 733, 137823.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823] [PMID: 32422457]
Cite As
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia

Impacts of Nanofluids and Nanomaterials on Environment and Human Health: A Review

Abstract

Graphical Abstract
