Generic placeholder image

Current Traditional Medicine

Author(s): Arshi Riaz, Ferasat Ali, Huma Noor* and Asim Rizvi

DOI: 10.2174/2215083810666230330084854

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Redefining Classical Theory of Humours (Akhlat) with Emphasis on Khilt-e-Sauda (Black Bile) Through its Physiological Role

Article ID: e300323215171 Pages: 3

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Explore Articles
About Journal
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers

Abstract

Background: According to Hippocrates, Akhlat is of four types, i.e., Dam (Blood), Balgham (Phlegm), Safra (Yellow Bile), and Sauda (Black Bile). The correct proportion of these fluids in the body, in terms of quality and quantity, leads to health, while their irregular distribution leads to diseases. The argument presented in this paper will encompass both Tabayi and Ghair Tabayi Sauda.

Objective: However, in light of recent advances in the area of molecular biology and biochemistry of the human body, we aim to discuss Sauda as a Khilt in the context of human physiology. We propose that the chemico-biological / physiological role of the molecule rather than its structure will define its placement in Khilt-e-Sauda.

Conclusion: Chemico/biological role of the molecule may change with the physiological context, and hence the placement of the molecule previously included in the Khilt-e-Sauda, may or may not remain in that categorization at that point in time in that physiological state.

Keywords: Unani, akhlat, sauda, physiochemical, physiological, classical concept.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Al Qanoon Fi’L Tibb. New Delhi: Dept. of Islamic studies, Jamia Hamdard 1993; pp. 18-30.
[2]
Sina I. Al Qanoon Fil Tib New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa. 2010; pp. 15-20 p.
[3]
I N Kulliyat Nafisi New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa 1954; 35-41 p.
[4]
Kabiruddin H. Mohammad Kitabul Akhlat. New Delhi: CCRUM 2009.
[5]
Azmi HAA. Mubadiyat-e-Tibb Par Ek Tehqiqui Nazar II. New Delhi: NCPUL 1997.
[6]
Islahi HNA. Tauzihat Umoor-e-Tabiya. New Delhi: Bharat Offset Printer 2007.
[7]
Ahmad S I. Al Umur Al Tabiya Edition I. 1980. 75 – 80, 128–134 p.
[8]
Ahmad SI. Kulliyat-e-Asri. New Delhi: Printed at Rakmo Press Private 2009; pp. 149-80.
[9]
Mohd K. Kulliyat-e-Qanoon Karol Bagh. New Delhi: Daftarul Maseeh 1930; pp. 81-4.
[10]
Jurjani I. Zakhira Khawarazm Shahi. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa 2010; pp. 28-9.
[11]
Mohd K. Ifadae Kabeer Mafsal Edition I. New Delhi: NCPUL 2001; pp. 74-81.
[12]
Gruner OC. A treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna. New York: AMS Press 1973; pp. 77-80.
[13]
Wiedemann C, Kumar A, Lang A, Ohlenschlager O. Cysteines and disulfide bonds as structure-forming units: Insights from different domains of life and the potential for characterization by NMR. Front Chem 2020; 8(1): 90-117. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2020.00280/full
[14]
Gersh KC, Nagaswami C, Weisel JW. Fibrin network structure and clot mechanical properties are altered by incorporation of erythrocytes. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102(12): 1169-75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840711
[15]
Majoosi AIA. Kamil-us-sanat. New Delhi: Idara Kitab-u-Shifa 2010.
[16]
Kajima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: Structure and function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85(2): 495-522.
[17]
Kousoulis AA, Tsoucalas G, Armenis I, Marineli F, Karamanou M and, Androutsos G. From the “hungry acid” to pepsinogen: A journey through time in quest for the stomach’s secretion. Ann Gastroenterol 2012; 25(2): 119-22.
[18]
Hamdani SMK. Daqaequl Kulliyat. Ejaz Publication House 1994; pp. 153-8.