Natural Products and Derivatives Applied for Skin Care: An Updated Review

Article ID: e180123212858 Pages: 13

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In contemporary cosmetics, botanicals and natural extracts remain vital components and have been used in formulations since ancient times. However, natural and botanical products can still be highly effective in treating aging skin, even though they are becoming more technological and invasive. Many natural products are being elucidated through biochemical mechanisms of action, correlating with traditional uses of many plants for skin benefits. Different formulations of medicinal and pharmaceutical substances incorporate synthetic molecules and chemicals, which is the principal cause of dermal toxicity. Consumers' awareness about personal health and safety and the desire for safer cosmetics free of harmful chemicals have driven the cosmetics and personal care market toward natural ingredients. The commercialization of natural products derived from herbs and bees is possible. Our purpose is to present a comprehensive and critical review emphasizing the benefits of natural products for skin care, women's purchasing patterns, and updated information about natural products.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Ribeiro AS, Estanqueiro M, Oliveira MB, Lobo JMS. Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics 2015; 2(2): 48-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics2020048]
[2]
Lin TJ. Evolution of cosmetics: Increased need for experimental clinical medicine. J Exp Clin Med 2010; 2(2): 49-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1878-3317(10)60009-5]
[3]
Surber C, Kottner J. Skin care products: What do they promise, what do they deliver. J Tissue Viability 2017; 26(1): 29-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2016.03.006] [PMID: 27090800]
[4]
Nohynek GJ, Antignac E, Re T, Toutain H. Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 243(2): 239-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.001] [PMID: 20005888]
[5]
Poswal FS, Russell G, Mackonochie M, MacLennan E, Adukwu EC, Rolfe V. Herbal teas and their health benefits: A scoping review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2019; 74(3): 266-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-019-00750-w] [PMID: 31243622]
[6]
Antignac E, Nohynek GJ, Re T, Clouzeau J, Toutain H. Safety of botanical ingredients in personal care products/cosmetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49(2): 324-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.022] [PMID: 21111022]
[7]
S H. Pereira L, B N. Biologically active components for cosmeceutical use extracted from Chaetomorpha aerea. Trad Med Res 2022; 7(4): 35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.53388/TMR20220326002]
[8]
Ha TLB, Quan TM, Vu DN, et al. Naturally derived biomaterials: Preparation and application. Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 2013. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/state.item.id [cited: 2022 Oct 31].
[9]
Consumers Seeking Nutricosmetics with Multifunctional Benefits. Available from: https://www.insidecosmeceuticals.com/articles/nutricosmetics-anti-aging-stress-inflammation.html [cited 2022 Oct 31].
[10]
Emerald M, Emerald A, Emerald L, Kumar V. Perspective of natural products in skincare. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2016; 4(3): 1-3.
[11]
Li B, Bhandari DR, Janfelt C, Ompp AR, Spengler B. Natural products in Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) rhizome imaged at the cellular level by atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry imaging. Plant J 2014; 80(1): 161-71.
[12]
Nagkesar (Mesua ferrea) - Medicinal Properties, Benefits & Uses. Available from: https://www.planetayurveda.com/nagkesar-mesua-ferrea/ [cited: 2022 Oct 31].
[13]
Pharmacopoeial standards for ayurvedic formulations. Open Library 1987. Available from: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2167479M/Pharmacopoeial_standards_for_ayurvedic_formulations [cited 2022 Oct 31].
[14]
Noriyasu K, Miho M. Skin-beautifying agent, anti-aging agent for the skin, whitening agent and external agent for the skin. US Patents 6682763B2, 2004.
[15]
ADJ G, JIM B, JOHN R. Dry emollient composition composing mono-unsaturated jojoba esters. 2001. Available from: https://www.surechembl.org/document/US-6432428-B1 [cited 2022 Oct 31].
[16]
Ahmed HM, Nabavi S, Behzad S. Herbal drugs and natural products in the light of nanotechnology and nanomedicine for developing drug formulations. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21(3): 302-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200916143240] [PMID: 32938347]
[17]
Global Cosmetics Market Analysis | Size & Forecasts. Available from: https://www.globalmarketestimates.com/market-report/global-cosmetics-market-3271 [cited: 2022 Oct 31].
[18]
Trüeb RM. The value of hair cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Dermatology 2001; 202(4): 275-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000051658] [PMID: 11455137]
[19]
Richard M, Beatrice B-C. Use of at least one extract of the genus chrysanthemum for assisting skin and/or hair pigmentation. US Patents 6726940B2, 2004.
[20]
Dureja H, Kaushik D, Gupta M, Kumar V, Lather V. Cosmeceuticals: An emerging concept. Indian J Pharmacol 2005; 37(3): 155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.16211]
[21]
Traditional skin care lines: Improving looks with dietary supplements. Nutraceuticals World Available from: https://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2004-05/view_features/traditional-skin-care-lines-improving-looks-with-d cited: 2022 Oct 31].
[22]
Faria-Silva AC, Mota AL, Costa AM, et al. Application of natural raw materials for development of cosmetics through nanotechnology Nanotechnology for the Preparation of Cosmetics using Plant-Based Extracts. Elsevier 2022; pp. 157-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822967-5.00014-X]
[23]
Lee KK, Choi JD. The effects of Areca catechu L. extract on anti-aging. Int J Cosmet Sci 1999; 21(4): 285-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.1999.196563.x] [PMID: 18503446]
[24]
Etienne JJ, Pham Duc TL, Simonet L, Derbesy M. New and unexpected cosmetic properties of perfumes. Effects upon free radicals and enzymes induced by essential oils, absolutes and fragrant compounds. Int J Cosmet Sci 2000; 22(5): 317-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00022.x] [PMID: 18503419]
[25]
Walter PS. Barrier disruption treatments for structurally deteriorated skin. CA Patents 2234975A1, 1997.
[26]
Dunham W, Zuckerkandl E, Reynolds R, et al. Effects of intake of l-ascorbic acid on the incidence of dermal neoplasms induced in mice by ultraviolet light. Subject Strain Bibliography 1982; 79(23): 7532-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.23.7532]
[27]
Lo WB, Black HS. Inhibition of carcinogen formation in skin irradiated with ultraviolet light. Nature 1973; 246(5434): 489-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/246489a0] [PMID: 4762198]
[28]
Bissett DL, Chatterjee R, Hannon DP. Chronic ultraviolet radiation-induced increase in skin iron and the photoprotective effect of topically applied iron chelators 1. Photochem Photobiol 1991; 54(2): 215-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02009.x] [PMID: 1780358]
[29]
Wang ZY, Agarwal R, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12(8): 1527-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.8.1527] [PMID: 1860173]
[30]
Aggarwal V, Tuli H, Varol A, et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in cancer progression: Molecular mechanisms and recent advancements. Biomolecules 2019; 9(11): 735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9110735] [PMID: 31766246]
[31]
Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr 1986; 6(1): 365-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.06.070186.002053] [PMID: 3015170]
[32]
Traber MG, Sies H. Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery. Annu Rev Nutr 1996; 16(1): 321-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001541] [PMID: 8839930]
[33]
Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 669(1): 7-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb17085.x] [PMID: 1444060]
[34]
Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L. Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102(1): 122-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371744] [PMID: 8288904]
[35]
Ahmad A, Ahsan H. Lipid-based formulations in cosmeceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Biomed Dermatol 2020; 4(1): 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41702-020-00062-9]
[36]
Park SY, Lee HU, Lee YC, et al. Wound healing potential of antibacterial microneedles loaded with green tea extracts. Mater Sci Eng C 2014; 42: 757-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.021] [PMID: 25063177]
[37]
Hrafnsdóttir S, Menon AK. Reconstitution and partial characterization of phospholipid flippase activity from detergent extracts of the bacillus subtilis cell membrane. J Bacteriol 2000; 182(15): 4198.
[38]
Ortonne JP. Normal and abnormal skin color. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139(S4): S125-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0151-9638(12)70123-0]
[39]
Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: Medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32(1): 403.
[40]
(PDF) Skin Whitening Agents. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309236016_Skin_Whitening_Agents [cited: 2022 Nov 1].
[41]
Arshad MS, Batool SA, Arshad MS, Batool SA. Natural antimicrobials, their sources and food safety. Food Additives 2017. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/state.item.id [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70197]
[42]
Chopra B, Dhingra AK, Dhar KL. Psoralea corylifolia L. (Buguchi) - Folklore to modern evidence. Review. Fitoterapia 2013; 90: 44-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.016] [PMID: 23831482]
[43]
In Vitro Propagation and Extraction of Psoralen from Psoralea Corylifolia Linn. An Endangered and Rare Traditional Medicinal Herb – ProQuest. Animal Heidel berg 2004; 40: 72A. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/955adf183b11235f820b5a3e9d4ca34e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=38079 [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[44]
Matsuda H, Sugimoto S, Morikawa T, et al. Bioactive constituents from Chinese natural medicines. XX. Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Chem Pharm Bull 2007; 55(1): 106-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.55.106] [PMID: 17202711]
[45]
Singh GB, Atal CK. Pharmacology of an extract of salai guggal ex-Boswellia serrata, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Agents Actions 1986; 18(3-4): 407-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965005] [PMID: 3751752]
[46]
Lee KK, Cho JJ, Park EJ, Choi JD. Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase of phenolic substance from Areca catechu as a new anti-ageing agent. Int J Cosmet Sci 2001; 23(6): 341-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0412-5463.2001.00102.x] [PMID: 18498484]
[47]
Dal’Belo SE, Rigo Gaspar L, Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos PM. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Res Technol 2006; 12(4): 241-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-752X.2006.00155.x] [PMID: 17026654]
[48]
Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk P, Kaźmierczak J, Mencner L, Olczyk K. Bee pollen: chemical composition and therapeutic application. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015: 297425.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/297425]
[49]
Olczyk P, Komosinska-Vassev K, Winsz-Szczotka K, Stojko J, Klimek K, Kozma EM. Propolis induces chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and hyaluronic Acid accumulation in the skin of burned wound. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 290675.
[50]
Tachibana S, Sullivan SA, Kawai S, et al. Plasmodium cynomolgi genome sequences provide insight into Plasmodium vivax and the monkey malaria clade. Nat Genet 2012; 44(9): 1051-5. https://www.lawinsider.com/clause/tachibana-s-sullivan-sa-kawai-s-nakamura-s-kim-hr-goto-n-et-al
[51]
El-sound NHA. Honey between traditional uses and recent medicine. undefined 2012; 5(2): 205-14.
[52]
Abouda Z, Zerdani I, Kalalou I, Faid M, Ahami MT. The antibacterial activity of moroccan bee bread and bee-pollen (fresh and dried) against pathogenic bacteria. Res J Microbiol 2011; 6(4): 376.
[53]
Cornara L, Biagi M, Xiao J, Burlando B. Therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds from different honeybee products. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8(6): 412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00412] [PMID: 28701955]
[54]
Suemaru K, Cui R, Li B, et al. Topical application of royal jelly has a healing effect for 5-fluorouracil-induced experimental oral mucositis in hamsters. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2008; 30(2): 103-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/mf.2008.30.2.1159655] [PMID: 18560624]
[55]
Han S, Kim J, Hong I, et al. Antibacterial activity and antibiotic-enhancing effects of honeybee venom against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2016; 21(1): 79-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21010079] [PMID: 26771592]
[56]
Bogdanov S. Nature and origin of the antibacterial substances in honey. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1997; 30(7): 748-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1997.0259]
[57]
Burlando B, Cornara L. Honey in dermatology and skin care: A review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12(4): 306-13.
[58]
Mandal MD, Mandal S. Honey: Its medicinal property and antibacterial activity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011; 1(2): 154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60016-6]
[59]
Clark M, Adcock L. Honey for wound management: A review of clinical effectiveness and guidelines. 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538361/
[60]
Johnston M, McBride M, Dahiya D, Owusu-Apenten R, Nigam PS. Antibacterial activity of Manuka honey and its components: An overview. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4(4): 655.
[61]
Ediriweera ERHSS, Premarathna NYS. Medicinal and cosmetic uses of Bee′s Honey - A review. Ayu 2012; 33(2): 178-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.105233] [PMID: 23559786]
[62]
Olczyk P, Komosińska-Vassev K, Winsz-Szczotka K, et al. The evaluation of chosen extracellular matrix enzymes activity during regeneration of experimental thermal injuries. LECZENE RAN 2014; 11(3): 97-101.
[63]
Silva LM. da , Souza P, et al. Propolis and its potential to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Evid based Compl Alter Med 2018; 2018:: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2035820]
[64]
Bankova VS, de Castro SL, Marcucci MC. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie 2000; 31(1): 3-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000102]
[65]
Al-waili N, Hozzein WN, Badr G, et al. Propolis and bee venom in diabetic wounds; a potential approach that warrants clinical investigation. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2015; 12(6): 1-11.
[66]
Tie L, An Y, Han J, et al. Genistein accelerates refractory wound healing by suppressing superoxide and FoxO1/iNOS pathway in type 1 diabetes. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24(1): 88-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.011] [PMID: 22819564]
[67]
Bankova V. Recent trends and important developments in propolis research. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2005; 2(1): 29-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh059] [PMID: 15841275]
[68]
Saewan N, Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 14(1): 47-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12123] [PMID: 25582033]
[69]
Abbasi Y. Biological activities of royal jelly-review. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/7580802/Biological_Activities_of_Royal_Jelly_Review [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[70]
Taniguchi Y, Kohno K, Inoue S, et al. Oral administration of royal jelly inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3(9): 1313-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00132-2] [PMID: 12890429]
[71]
Sugiyama T, Takahashi K, Mori H. Royal jelly acid, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, as a modulator of the innate immune responses. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12(4): 368-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187153012803832530] [PMID: 23061418]
[72]
Yamauchi K, Kogashiwa Y, Moro Y, Kohno N. The effect of topical application of royal jelly on chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer: A preliminary study. Int J Otolaryngol 2014; 2014: 974967. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25400667/ [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974967]
[73]
Sak-Bosnar M, Sakač N. Direct potentiometric determination of diastase activity in honey. Food Chem 2012; 135(2): 827-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.006] [PMID: 22868165]
[74]
Ramadan MF, Al-Ghamdi A. Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review. J Funct Food 2012; 4(1): 39-52.
[75]
Siavash M, Shokri S, Haghighi S, Shahtalebi MA, Farajzadehgan Z. The efficacy of topical royal jelly on healing of diabetic foot ulcers: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Wound J 2015; 12(2): 137-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12063] [PMID: 23566071]
[76]
Park C, Lee DG. Melittin induces apoptotic features in Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394(1): 170-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.138] [PMID: 20188067]
[77]
Gu H, Kim WH, An HJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of bee venom on experimental atopic dermatitis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18(4): 3711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9398]
[78]
Kim H, Park SY, Lee G. Potential therapeutic applications of bee venom on skin disease and its mechanisms: A literature review. Toxins 2019; 11(7): 374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11070374] [PMID: 31252651]
[79]
Feás X, Vázquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Seijas JA, Iglesias A. Organic bee pollen: botanical origin, nutritional value, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and microbiological quality. Molecules 2012; 17(7): 8359-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078359] [PMID: 22785265]
[80]
de Castro SL. Propolis: Biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee-product. Annual Rev Biomed Sci 2001; 3: 49-83.
[81]
Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Borawska MH, Fiedorowicz A, Naliwajko SK, Sawicka D, Car H. Propolis changes the anticancer activity of temozolomide in U87MG human glioblastoma cell line. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13(1): 50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-50] [PMID: 23445763]
[82]
Buchwald R, Breed MD, Bjostad L, Hibbard BE, Greenberg AR. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie 2009; 40(5): 585-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009035]
[83]
Kroyer G, Hegedus N. Evaluation of bioactive properties of pollen extracts as functional dietary food supplement. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2001; 2(3): 171-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1466-8564(01)00039-X]
[84]
Olczyk P, Koprowski R, Kaźmierczak J, et al. Bee pollen as a promising agent in the burn wounds treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016: 8473937. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27293466/ [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8473937]
[85]
Kurek‐Górecka A, Górecki M, Rzepecka‐Stojko A, Balwierz R, Stojko J. Bee products in dermatology and skin care. Molecules 2020; 25(3): 556.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030556]
[86]
Kasparaviciene G, Savickas A, Kalveniene Z, Velziene S, Kubiliene L, Bernatoniene J. Evaluation of beeswax influence on physical properties of lipstick using instrumental and sensory methods. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016: 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3816460]
[87]
an HJ, Lee WR, Kim KH, et al. Inhibitory effects of bee venom on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory skin disease in an animal model. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34(5): 1341-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1933] [PMID: 25215662]
[88]
Han SM, Lee KG, Pak SC. Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris. J Integr Med 2013; 11(5): 320-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jintegrmed2013043] [PMID: 24063779]
[89]
Hegazi A, Raboh FAA, Ramzy NE, Shaaban D, Khader D. Bee venom and propolis as new treatment modality in patients with localized plaque psoriases. Int Res J Med Med Sci 2013; 1(1): 27-33.
[90]
Muñoz-Espí R, Álvarez-Bermúdez O. Application of nanoemulsions in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoemulsion 2018; 2018: 477-515.
[91]
Morganti P. Use and potential of nanotechnology in cosmetic dermatology. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2010; 3: 5-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S4506] [PMID: 21437055]
[92]
Soni V, Chandel S, Jain P, Asati S. Role of liposomal drug-delivery system in cosmetics. In Nanobiomater Galenic Formulations Cosmet 2016; 93-108.
[93]
Salvioni L, Morelli L, Ochoa E, et al. The emerging role of nanotechnology in skincare. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 293: 102437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102437] [PMID: 34023566]
[94]
Souto EB, Müller RH. Cosmetic features and applications of lipid nanoparticles (SLN®, NLC ®). Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30(3): 157-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00433.x] [PMID: 18452432]
[95]
Miladi K, Ibraheem D, Iqbal M, Sfar S, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Particles from preformed polymers as carriers for drug delivery. EXCLI J 2014; 13: 28.
[96]
Yeh MI, Huang HC, Liaw JH, Huang MC, Huang KF, Hsu FL. Dermal delivery by niosomes of black tea extract as a sunscreen agent. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52(2): 239-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05587.x] [PMID: 22913389]
[97]
Yukuyama MN, Ghisleni DDM, Pinto TJA, Bou-Chacra NA. Nanoemulsion: process selection and application in cosmetics - a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 38(1): 13-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12260] [PMID: 26171789]
[98]
Kumar V, Minocha N, Garg V, Dureja H. Nanostructured materials used in drug delivery. Mater Today Proc 2022; 16: 71.
[99]
Kumar V, Garg V, Dureja H. Nanoemulsion for delivery of anticancer drugs. Cancer Adv 2022; 5: e22016. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/ [cited 2022 Nov 1]
[100]
Kumar V, Garg V, Dureja H, Ling C. Nanomedicine-based approaches for delivery of herbal compounds. Trad Med Res 2022; 7(5): 48. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/2022 [cited 2022 Nov 1].
[101]
Azmi NAN, Elgharbawy AAM, Motlagh SR, Samsudin N, Salleh HM. Nanoemulsions: Factory for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. Processes (Basel) 2019; 7(9): 617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090617]
[102]
Hamed I. The evolution and versatility of microalgal biotechnology: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15(6): 1104-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12227] [PMID: 33401835]
[103]
Amit L. Biologic sunscreen compositions. WO Patents 2012093388A2, 2012.
[104]
Souza C, Campos PMBGM. Development and photoprotective effect of a sunscreen containing the antioxidants Spirulina and dimethylmethoxy chromanol on sun-induced skin damage. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104: 52-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.026] [PMID: 28341613]
[105]
Agarwal PK, Singh A, Gaurav K, Goel S, Khanna HD, Goel RK. Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2009; 47(1): 32-40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19317349/
[106]
Gur C, Erdogan D, Onbaşılar İ, Atilla P, Çakar N, Gurhan I. In vitro and in vivo investigations of the wound healing effect of crude Spirulina extract and C-phycocyanin. J Med Plants Res 2013; 7(8): 425-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288654113_In_vitro_and_in_vivo_investigations_of_the_wound_healing_effect_of_crude_Spirulina_extract_and_C-phycocyanin
[107]
Wu LC, Lin YY, Yang SY, Weng YT, Tsai YT. Antimelanogenic effect of c-phycocyanin through modulation of tyrosinase expression by upregulation of ERK and downregulation of p38 MAPK signaling pathways. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18(1): 74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-18-74] [PMID: 21988805]
[108]
Sahin SC. The potential of Arthrospira platensis extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications. S Afr J Bot 2018; 119: 236-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.09.004]
[109]
Delsin SD, Mercurio DG, Fossa MM, Maia Campos PM. Clinical efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations containing spirulina extract on young and mature skin: Effects on the skin hydrolipidic barrier and structural properties. Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 2015; 04(144): 2.
[110]
Buono S, Langellotti AL, Martello A, Rinna F, Fogliano V. Functional ingredients from microalgae. Food Funct 2014; 5(8): 1669-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4FO00125G] [PMID: 24957182]
[111]
Chrisine B. Preparing a peptide extract of spirulina, useful in nutraceutical and cosmetic compositions for e.g. controlling aging of the skin, comprises extraction of lipids then enzymatic hydrolysis. FR Patents 2857978A1, 2005.
[112]
Nihal B, Vishal NG, Gowda DV, Manohar M. Formulation and development of topical anti acne formulation of spirulina extract. Int J Appl Pharm 2018; 10(6): 229-33.
[113]
Setyaningsih I, Sari NI, Tarman K, Manurung N, Safithri M. In vitro evaluation of face mask containing extract and biomass of Spirulina platensis and its antibacterial activity. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2020; 404(1): 012054.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/404/1/012054]
[114]
Wu Q, Liu L, Miron A, Klímová B, Wan D, Kuča K. The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90(8): 1817-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5] [PMID: 27259333]