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Current Molecular Medicine

Author(s): Leila Mousavizadeh, Ramin Soltani, Kosar Abedini and Sorayya Ghasemi*

DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211004110101

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The Relation of the Viral Structure of SARS-CoV-2, High-Risk Condition, and Plasma Levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15 in COVID-19 Patients Compared to SARS and MERS Infections

Page: [584 - 593] Pages: 10

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) has a high mortality rate due to widespread infection and strong immune system reaction. Interleukins (ILs) are among the main immune factors contributing to the deterioration of the immune response and the formation of cytokine storms in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infections.

Introduction: This review article aimed at investigating the relationship between virus structure, risk factors, and patient plasma interleukin levels in infections caused by the coronavirus family.

Methods: The keywords "interleukin," "coronavirus structure," "plasma," and "risk factors" were searched to find a relationship among different interleukins, coronavirus structures, and risk factors in ISI, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases.

Results: Patients with high-risk conditions with independent panels of immune system markers are more susceptible to death caused by SARS-CoV-2. IL-4, IL-10, and IL-15 are probably secreted at different levels in patients with coronavirus infections despite the similarity of inflammatory markers. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV increase the secretion of IL-4, while it remains unchanged in MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV infection demonstrates increased IL-10 levels. Although IL-10 levels usually increase in SARS-CoV infection, different levels are recorded in SARS-CoV-2, i.e., it increases in some patients while it decreases in others. This difference may be due to factors such as the patient's condition and the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. MERS-CoV increases IL-15 secretion while its levels remain unchanged in SARS-CoV-2. The levels of IL-15 in patients with SARS-CoV have not been studied.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the different structures of SARS-CoV-2, such as length of spike or nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and susceptibility of patients due to differences in their risk factors, may lead to differences in immune marker secretion and pathogenicity. Therefore, identifying and controlling interleukin levels can play a significant role in managing the symptoms and developing individual-specific treatments.

Keywords: Coronavirus structure, SARS-CoV-2, immune system, interleukin, plasma, risk factors.

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