Generic placeholder image

Current Cardiology Reviews

Author(s): Mohammed Al-Sadawi*, Muhammad Saad, Puvanalingam Ayyadurai, Niel N. Shah, Manoj Bhandari and Timothy J. Vittorio

DOI: 10.2174/1573403X17666210909170415

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: An Update

Article ID: e090921196330 Pages: 11

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Heart failure is one of the leading healthcare problems in the world. Clinical data lacks sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of heart failure. Laboratory biomarkers are a non-invasive method of assessing suspected decompensated heart failure. Biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides have shown promising results in the management of heart failure. The literature does not provide comprehensive guidance in the utilization of biomarkers in the setting of acute heart failure syndrome. Many conditions that manifest with similar pathophysiology as acute heart failure syndrome may demonstrate positive biomarkers. The following is a review of biomarkers in heart failure, enlightening their role in diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure.

Keywords: Acute heart failure syndrome, biomarkers, heart failure, diagnosis, follow up, risk stratification.

[1]
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125(1): e2-e220.
[PMID: 22179539]
[2]
Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics -2018 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2018; 137(12): e67-e492.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558] [PMID: 29386200]
[3]
Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service program. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(14): 1418-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0803563] [PMID: 19339721]
[4]
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016; 37(27): 2129-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128] [PMID: 27206819]
[5]
Peacock WF, Emerman CL, Costanza MR, Diercks DB, Lopatin M. Fonarow acute heart failure mortality is dependent on time to intravenous vasoactive administration. J Card Fail 2006; 12(1)
[6]
Marantz PR, Tobin JN, Wassertheil-Smoller S, et al. The relationship between left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure diagnosed by clinical criteria. Circulation 1988; 77(3): 607-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.77.3.607] [PMID: 3342491]
[7]
Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC, Vasan RS. Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation 2003; 108(8): 977-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000085166.44904.79] [PMID: 12912813]
[8]
WHO International programme on chemical safety biomarkers in risk assessment: Validity and validation. 2001.
[9]
Tang WH, Francis GS, Morrow DA, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines: Clinical utilization of cardiac biomarker testing in heart failure. Circulation 2007; 116(5): e99-e109.
[PMID: 17630410]
[10]
Vasan RS. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation 2006; 113(19): 2335-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.482570] [PMID: 16702488]
[11]
Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. Yancy 2009 focused update incorporated into the acc/aha 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines developed in collaboration with the international society for heart and lung transplantation. 2009.
[12]
Chidsey CA, Braunwald E, Morrow AG. Catecholamine excretion and cardiac stores of norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1965; 39: 442-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(65)90211-1] [PMID: 14338295]
[13]
Iwanaga Y, Nishi I, Furuichi S, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide strongly reflects diastolic wall stress in patients with chronic heart failure: comparison between systolic and diastolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(4): 742-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.030] [PMID: 16487838]
[14]
Kociol RD, Pang PS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, O’Connor CM, Felker GM. Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56(14): 1071-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.016] [PMID: 20863950]
[15]
Spinale FG, Zile MR. Integrating the myocardial matrix into heart failure recognition and management. Circ Res 2013; 113(6): 725-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300309] [PMID: 23989715]
[16]
Maisel AS, Daniels LB. Breathing not properly 10 years later: what we have learned and what we still need to learn. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60(4): 277-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.057] [PMID: 22813603]
[17]
Macheret F, Boerrigter G, McKie P, et al. Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(1-108) circulates in the general community: plasma determinants and detection of left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57(12): 1386-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.01.005] [PMID: 21414536]
[18]
Maisel AS, Mueller C, Fitzgerald R, et al. Prognostic utility of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with acute heart failure: the NGAL EvaLuation Along with B-type NaTriuretic Peptide in acutely decompensated heart failure (GALLANT) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2011; 13(8): 846-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr087] [PMID: 21791540]
[19]
Maisel A, Mueller C, Nowak R, et al. Mid-region pro-hormone markers for diagnosis and prognosis in acute dyspnea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55(19): 2062-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.02.025] [PMID: 20447528]
[20]
Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev 2006; 27(1): 47-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2005-0014] [PMID: 16291870]
[21]
Parekh N, Maisel AS. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function and diastolic heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 2009; 24(2): 155-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0b013e328320d82a] [PMID: 19532102]
[22]
Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(3): 161-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020233] [PMID: 12124404]
[23]
Januzzi JL Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95(8): 948-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.032] [PMID: 15820160]
[24]
Anwaruddin S, Lloyd-Jones DM, Baggish A, et al. Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(1): 91-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.051] [PMID: 16386670]
[25]
Kim H-N, Januzzi JL Jr. Natriuretic peptide testing in heart failure. Circulation 2011; 123(18): 2015-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.979500] [PMID: 21555724]
[26]
Janda S, Swiston J. Diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid NT-pro-BNP for pleural effusions of cardiac origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2010; 10(1): 58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-10-58] [PMID: 21092122]
[27]
Di Somma S, Magrini L, Pittoni V, et al. In-hospital percentage BNP reduction is highly predictive for adverse events in patients admitted for acute heart failure: the Italian RED Study. Crit Care 2010; 14(3): R116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc9067] [PMID: 20550660]
[28]
Araújo JP, Azevedo A, Lourenço P, Rocha-Gonçalves F, Ferreira A, Bettencourt P. Intraindividual variation of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with stable heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98(9): 1248-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.06.017] [PMID: 17056340]
[29]
Moe GW. The 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Heart Failure Management Guidelines Focus Update: Anemia, Biomarkers, and Recent Therapeutic Trial Implications. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32(3): 394.
[PMID: 25532421]
[30]
Felker GM, Anstrom KJ, Adams KF, et al. Effect of natriuretic peptide-guided therapy on hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality in high-risk patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 318(8): 713-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.10565] [PMID: 28829876]
[31]
Fonarow GC, Peacock WF, Phillips CO, Givertz MM, Lopatin M. Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49(19): 1943-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.037] [PMID: 17498579]
[32]
Miller WL, Hartman KA, Grill DE, Burnett JC Jr, Jaffe AS. Only large reductions in concentrations of natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) are associated with improved outcome in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Chem 2009; 55(1): 78-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108928] [PMID: 19028821]
[33]
Maisel AS, McCord J, Nowak RM, et al. Bedside B-Type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(11): 2010-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00405-4] [PMID: 12798574]
[34]
Packer M, McMurray JJ, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril on the risk of clinical progression in surviving patients with heart failure. Circulation 2015; 131(1): 54-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013748] [PMID: 25403646]
[35]
McMurray JJV, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the european society of cardiology. developed in collaboration with the heart failure association (hfa) of the esc. Eur Heart J 2012; 33(14): 1787-847.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs104] [PMID: 22611136]
[36]
Weintraub NL, Collins SP, Pang PS, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: emergency department presentation, treatment, and disposition: current approaches and future aims: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 122(19): 1975-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181f9a223] [PMID: 20937981]
[37]
Heart Failure Society of America Executive summary: HFSA 2010 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Card Fail 2010; 16(6): 475-539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.04.005]
[38]
Ghosh N, Haddad H. Atrial natriuretic peptides in heart failure: pathophysiological significance, diagnostic and prognostic value. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89(8): 587-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y11-040] [PMID: 21806511]
[39]
Hu Z, Han Z, Huang Y, Sun Y, Li B, Deng A. Diagnostic power of the mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide for heart failure patients with dyspnea: a meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 2012; 45(18): 1634-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.08.028] [PMID: 22981931]
[40]
Xu R-Y, Zhu X-F, Yang Y, Ye P. High-sensitive cardiac troponin T. J Geriatr Cardiol 2013; 10(1): 102-9.
[PMID: 23610580]
[41]
Omland T, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, et al. A sensitive cardiac troponin T assay in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(26): 2538-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805299] [PMID: 19940289]
[42]
Shionimya H, Koyama S, Tanada Y. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and ejection fraction correlate independently with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T concentrations in stable heart failure. J Cardiol 2014; 64(6): 8-12.
[PMID: 25443176]
[43]
Parissis JT, Papadakis J, Kadoglou NP, et al. Prognostic value of high sensitivity troponin T in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure and non-detectable conventional troponin T levels. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168(4): 3609-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.056] [PMID: 23711451]
[44]
Ferreira JP, Santos M, Almeida S, Marques I, Bettencourt P, Carvalho H. High-sensitivity troponin T: a biomarker for diuretic response in decompensated heart failure patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 269604.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/269604] [PMID: 25247106]
[45]
Omland T, Røsjø H, Giannitsis E, Agewall S. Troponins in heart failure. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 443: 78-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.016] [PMID: 25151947]
[46]
Otaki Y, Watanabe T, Kubota I. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein in cardiovascular disease: a systemic review. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 474: 44-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2017.09.007] [PMID: 28911997]
[47]
Yanagisawa K, Takagi T, Tsukamoto T, Tetsuka T, Tominaga S. Presence of a novel primary response gene ST2L, encoding a product highly similar to the interleukin 1 receptor type 1. FEBS Lett 1993; 318(1): 83-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)81333-U] [PMID: 7916701]
[48]
Weinberg EO, Shimpo M, Hurwitz S, Tominaga S, Rouleau JL, Lee RT. Identification of serum soluble ST2 receptor as a novel heart failure biomarker. Circulation 2003; 107(5): 721-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000047274.66749.FE] [PMID: 12578875]
[49]
Henry-Okafor Q, Collins SP, Jenkins CA, et al. Soluble ST2 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for acute heart failure syndromes. Open Biomark J 2012; 2012(5): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875318301205010001] [PMID: 23439880]
[50]
Boisot S, Beede J, Isakson S, et al. Serial sampling of ST2 predicts 90-day mortality following destabilized heart failure. J Card Fail 2008; 14(9): 732-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.06.415] [PMID: 18995177]
[51]
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62(16): e147-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019] [PMID: 23747642]
[52]
de Boer RA, Yu L, van Veldhuisen DJ. Galectin-3 in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2010; 7(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11897-010-0004-x] [PMID: 20425490]
[53]
van Kimmenade RR, Januzzi JL Jr, Ellinor PT, et al. Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48(6): 1217-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.061] [PMID: 16979009]
[54]
Yin Q-S, Shi B, Dong L, Bi L. Comparative study of galectin-3 and B-type natriuretic peptide as biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure. J Geriatr Cardiol 2014; 11(1): 79-82.
[PMID: 24748886]
[55]
de Boer RA, Lok DJ, Jaarsma T, et al. Predictive value of plasma galectin-3 levels in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Ann Med 2011; 43(1): 60-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2010.538080] [PMID: 21189092]
[56]
Kempf T, von Haehling S, Peter T, et al. Prognostic utility of growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50(11): 1054-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.091] [PMID: 17825714]
[57]
Bettencourt P, Ferreira-Coimbra J, Rodrigues P, et al. Towards a multi-marker prognostic strategy in acute heart failure: a role for GDF-15. ESC Heart Fail 2018; 5(6): 1017-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12301] [PMID: 30144302]
[58]
Vegter EL, van der Meer P, Voors AA. Associations between volume status and circulating microRNAs in acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19(8): 1077-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.867] [PMID: 28547885]
[59]
Kirchhoff C, Habben I, Ivell R, Krull N. A major human epididymis-specific cDNA encodes a protein with sequence homology to extracellular proteinase inhibitors. Biol Reprod 1991; 45(2): 350-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod45.2.350] [PMID: 1686187]
[60]
de Boer RA, Cao Q, Postmus D, et al. The WAP four-disulfide core domain protein HE4: a novel biomarker for heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2013; 1(2): 164-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2012.11.005] [PMID: 24621840]
[61]
Liu LCY, Valente MAE, Postmus D, et al. Identifying subpopulations with distinct response to treatment using plasma biomarkers in acute heart failure: Results from the PROTECT trial: Differential response in acute heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31(3): 281-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-017-6726-1] [PMID: 28656542]
[62]
Reilly MP, Lehrke M, Wolfe ML, Rohatgi A, Lazar MA, Rader DJ. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation 2005; 111(7): 932-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000155620.10387.43] [PMID: 15710760]
[63]
McManus DD, Lyass A, Ingelsson E, et al. Relations of circulating resistin and adiponectin and cardiac structure and function: the Framingham Offspring Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20(9): 1882-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.32] [PMID: 21350435]
[64]
Hussain S, Bibi S, Javed Q. Heritability of genetic variants of resistin gene in patients with coronary artery disease: a family-based study. Clin Biochem 2011; 44(8-9): 618-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.02.013] [PMID: 21382364]
[65]
Daniels LB, Clopton P, Potocki M, et al. Influence of age, race, sex, and body mass index on interpretation of midregional pro atrial natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of acute heart failure: results from the BACH multinational study. Eur J Heart Fail 2012; 14(1): 22-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfr157] [PMID: 22140234]
[66]
Kitamura K, Kangawa K, Kawamoto M, et al. Adrenomedullin: a novel hypotensive peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192(2): 553-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1451] [PMID: 8387282]
[67]
Potocki M, Breidthardt T, Reichlin T, et al. Midregional pro-adrenomedullin in addition to b-type natriuretic peptides in the risk stratification of patients with acute dyspnea: an observational study. Crit Care 2009; 13(4): R122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc7975] [PMID: 19627611]
[68]
Bahrmann P, Bahrmann A, Hofner B, et al. Multiple biomarker strategy for improved diagnosis of acute heart failure in older patients presenting to the emergency department. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2015; 4(2): 137-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2048872614541904] [PMID: 25002708]
[69]
Perez AL, Grodin JL, Wu Y, et al. Increased mortality with elevated plasma endothelin-1 in acute heart failure: an ASCEND-HF biomarker substudy. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18(3): 290-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.456] [PMID: 26663359]
[70]
Vondráková D, Málek F, Ošťádal P, et al. Correlation of NT-proBNP, proANP and novel biomarkers: copeptin and proadrenomedullin with LVEF and NYHA in patients with ischemic CHF, non-ischemic CHF and arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2011; 150(3): 343-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.029] [PMID: 21640398]
[71]
Maisel A, Xue Y, Shah K, et al. Increased 90-day mortality in patients with acute heart failure with elevated copeptin: secondary results from the Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure (BACH) study. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4(5): 613-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.960096] [PMID: 21765124]
[72]
Bosselmann H, Egstrup M, Rossing K, et al. Prognostic significance of cardiovascular biomarkers and renal dysfunction in outpatients with systolic heart failure: a long term follow-up study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170(2): 202-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.064] [PMID: 24182673]
[73]
Yndestad A, Landrø L, Ueland T, et al. Increased systemic and myocardial expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in clinical and experimental heart failure. Eur Heart J 2009; 30(10): 1229-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp088] [PMID: 19329498]
[74]
Bardin N, Anfosso F, Massé JM, et al. Identification of CD146 as a component of the endothelial junction involved in the control of cell-cell cohesion. Blood 2001; 98(13): 3677-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.V98.13.3677] [PMID: 11739172]
[75]
Gayat E, Caillard A, Laribi S, et al. Soluble CD146, a new endothelial biomarker of acutely decompensated heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2015; 199: 241-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.039] [PMID: 26209827]
[76]
Lok AS, Ghany MG, Goodman ZD, et al. Predicting cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests: results of the HALT-C cohort. Hepatology 2005; 42(2): 282-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20772] [PMID: 15986415]
[77]
Maisel A, Neath SX, Landsberg J, et al. Use of Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of pneumonia in patients presenting with a chief complaint of dyspnea: Results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. Eur J Heart Fail
[78]
Wang W, Zhang X, Ge N, et al. Procalcitonin testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in bacterial infection complicated by congestive heart failure: a multicenter analysis of 4,698 cases. Crit Care 2014; 18(1): R4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc13181] [PMID: 24393388]
[79]
Demissei BG, Cleland JG, O’Connor CM, et al. Procalcitonin-based indication of bacterial infection identifies high risk acute heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol 2016; 204: 164-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.141] [PMID: 26666342]
[80]
Fontes JA, Rose NR, Čiháková D. The varying faces of IL-6: From cardiac protection to cardiac failure. Cytokine 2015; 74(1): 62-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.024] [PMID: 25649043]
[81]
Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M, Jołda-Mydłowska B, Grzebieniak T, Początek K, Mysiak A. Expression of proinflammatory factors, proangiogenic factors and endostatin in patients with heart failure and different grades of collateral circulation development. Adv Clin Exp Med 2015; 24(6): 987-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/acem/33811] [PMID: 26771970]
[82]
Evdokimova V, Tognon CE, Benatar T, et al. IGFBP7 binds to the IGF-1 receptor and blocks its activation by insulin-like growth factors. Sci Signal 2012; 5(255): ra92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2003184] [PMID: 23250396]
[83]
Chugh S, Ouzounian M, Lu Z, et al. Pilot study identifying myosin heavy chain 7, desmin, insulin-like growth factor 7, and annexin A2 as circulating biomarkers of human heart failure. Proteomics 2013; 13(15): 2324-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201200455] [PMID: 23713052]
[84]
Barroso MC, Kramer F, Greene SJ, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding protein-7: potential novel biomarkers for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16(1): 199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0376-2] [PMID: 27769173]
[85]
Schanz M, Shi J, Wasser C, Alscher MD, Kimmel M. Urinary [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] for risk prediction of acute kidney injury in decompensated heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2017; 40(7): 485-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.22683] [PMID: 28295429]
[86]
Altay H, Colkesen Y. Parathyroid hormone and heart failure: novel biomarker strategy. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2013; 13(1): 100-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530311313010012] [PMID: 23369142]
[87]
Meng F, Wang W, Ma J, Lin B. Parathyroid hormone and risk of heart failure in the general population: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95(40): e4810.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004810] [PMID: 27749533]
[88]
Suzuki S, Takeishi Y, Niizeki T, et al. Pentraxin 3, a new marker for vascular inflammation, predicts adverse clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2008; 155(1): 75-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2007.08.013] [PMID: 18082493]
[89]
Tang WH, Katz R, Brennan ML, et al. Usefulness of myeloperoxidase levels in healthy elderly subjects to predict risk of developing heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103(9): 1269-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.026] [PMID: 19406270]
[90]
Buralli S, Dini FL, Ballo P, et al. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and metalloproteinase-9 and tissue Doppler measures of diastolic dysfunction to risk stratify patients with systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105(6): 853-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.11.038] [PMID: 20211331]
[91]
Frantz S, Störk S, Michels K, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases levels in patients with chronic heart failure: an independent predictor of mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10(4): 388-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.02.015] [PMID: 18343723]
[92]
Yu D, Cai Y, Zhou W, Sheng J, Xu Z. The potential of angiogenin as a serum biomarker for diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Markers 2018; 2018: 1984718.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1984718] [PMID: 29736193]
[93]
Jiang H, Zhang L, Yu Y, et al. A pilot study of angiogenin in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a novel potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis? J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18(11): 2189-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12344] [PMID: 25124701]
[94]
Legrand M, Mebazaa A, Ronco C, Januzzi JL Jr, Marcellin P, Castera L. When cardiac failure, kidney dysfunction, and kidney injury intersect in acute conditions: the case of cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2014; 42(9): 2109-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000404] [PMID: 24810531]
[95]
Manzano-Fernández S, Januzzi JL Jr, Boronat-Garcia M, et al. β- trace protein and cystatin C as predictors of long-term outcomes in patients with acute heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57(7): 849-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.08.644] [PMID: 21310322]
[96]
Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Engl J Med 2012; 367(1): 20-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1114248] [PMID: 22762315]
[97]
Rocha BML, Cunha GJL, Menezes Falcão LF. The burden of iron deficiency in heart failure: therapeutic approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71(7): 782-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.027] [PMID: 29447741]
[98]
Groenveld HF, Januzzi JL, Damman K, et al. Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52(10): 818-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.061] [PMID: 18755344]
[99]
Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 accf/aha guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart failure society of america. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70(6): 776-803.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025] [PMID: 28461007]
[100]
Tromp J, Khan MA, Klip IT, et al. Biomarker profiles in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(4): e003989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003989] [PMID: 28360225]
[101]
Meijers WC, van der Velde AR, de Boer RA. Biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Neth Heart J 2016; 24(4): 252-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12471-016-0817-7] [PMID: 26942916]