Generic placeholder image

Current Diabetes Reviews

Author(s): Abdelnaser Zalan*, Ahmad Sheikh-Muhammad, Mohammad Khatib and Rajech Sharkia *

DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210405100108

DownloadDownload PDF Flyer Cite As
The Current and Forecasted Status of Type 2 Diabetes in the Arab Society of Israel

Article ID: e050421192659 Pages: 12

  • * (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the main causes of mortality, morbidity, and health care expenditures. Effectively treating this disease is of crucial importance and imposes a global challenge. The incidence of Type 2 DM (T2DM) is rapidly rising in both developing and developed countries. The Arab community in Israel is a distinct ethnic group with unique characteristics. Recently, this community has undergone major changes in its lifestyle, adopting the Westernized one, which could have caused an increase in the T2DM incidence rate.

Objective: This review aims to shed light on various studies undertaken to explore the prevalence of diabetes and determine its current status in the Arab society of Israel, resting on previous and current data. It is presented to highlight the status of diabetes globally and to focus on its current situation in the Arab society of Israel, attempting to forecast its direction in the upcoming decade.

Methods: Data were obtained from our previous comprehensive socio-economic and health crosssectional surveys for successive periods from 2004 to 2017. These surveys were conducted on the Arab society of Israel by the Galilee Society.

Results: Our results showed a progressive increase in the prevalence of T2DM from 3.4% to 7.6% in the Arab society of Israel. This trend is expected to continue rising in the coming decade, and based on our predictions, may exceed 12% in 2030.

Conclusion: Substantial and practical health-related actions must be initiated to prevent an increasing number of adults from developing diabetes and its complications.

Keywords: Arab society of Israel, behavioral factors, the current status of diabetes, prevalence, socio-demographic factors, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

[1]
Ahmed AM. History of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J 2002; 23(4): 373-8.
[PMID: 11953758]
[2]
Sawani S, Siddiqui AR, Azam SI, et al. Lifestyle changes and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a trial protocol with factorial design approach. Trials 2020; 21(1): 346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-4205-7] [PMID: 32312302]
[3]
Tatti P, Tonolo G, Zanfardino A, Iafusco D. Is it fair to hope that patients with Type 1 Diabetes (autoimmune) may be spared by the infection of Covid-19? Med Hypotheses 2020; 142: 109795.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109795] [PMID: 32416410]
[4]
López Stewart G. Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a World Health Organization Guideline.
[5]
Wang Z, Kanguru L, Hussein J, Fitzmaurice A, Ritchie K. Incidence of adverse outcomes associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 121(1): 14-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.10.032] [PMID: 23321368]
[6]
Mellitus D. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(Suppl. 1): S67-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13-S067] [PMID: 23264425]
[7]
National diabetes statistics report: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services 2014.
[8]
WHO progress report on the implementation of the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, 2018. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/about-us/regional-director/speeches-and-presentations-by-year/2010/who-progr
[9]
Boyle JP, Honeycutt AA, Narayan KM, et al. Projection of diabetes burden through 2050: Impact of changing demography and disease prevalence in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(11): 1936-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.11.1936] [PMID: 11679460]
[10]
Dijkstra A, Janssen F, De Bakker M, et al. Using spatial analysis to predict health care use at the local level: a case study of type 2 diabetes medication use and its association with demographic change and socioeconomic status. PLoS One 2013; 8(8): e72730.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072730] [PMID: 24023636]
[11]
Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 138: 271-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023] [PMID: 29496507]
[12]
Meo SA, Usmani AM, Qalbani E. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the Arab world: Impact of GDP and energy consumption. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(6): 1303-12.
[PMID: 28387897]
[13]
IDF Diabetes Atlas 2015. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/previous/files/7/IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%207th.pdf
[14]
Saeedi P, Salpea P, Karuranga S, et al. Mortality attributable to diabetes in 20-79 years old adults, 2019 estimates: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162: 108086.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108086] [PMID: 32068099]
[15]
Global Report on Diabetes 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/diabetes/global-report/en/
[16]
Alanazi FK, Alotaibi JS, Paliadelis P, Alqarawi N, Alsharari A, Albagawi B. Knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 39(10): 981-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15537/smj.2018.10.22938] [PMID: 30284579]
[17]
Coogan PF, White LF, Jerrett M, et al. Air pollution and incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in black women living in Los Angeles. Circulation 2012; 125(6): 767-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.052753] [PMID: 22219348]
[18]
Lee DH, Lee IK, Song K, et al. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: Results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(7): 1638-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0543] [PMID: 16801591]
[19]
Eze IC, Foraster M, Schaffner E, et al. Long-term exposure to transportation noise and air pollution in relation to incident diabetes in the SAPALDIA study. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46(4): 1115-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx020] [PMID: 28338949]
[20]
Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2017; 389(10085): 2239-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30058-2] [PMID: 28190580]
[21]
Schulz M, Romppel M, Grande G. Built environment and health: a systematic review of studies in Germany. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 40(1): 8-15.
[PMID: 28039198]
[22]
Akter S, Goto A, Mizoue T. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol 2017; 27(12): 553-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017] [PMID: 28716381]
[23]
Backholer K, Peeters A, Herman WH, et al. Diabetes prevention and treatment strategies: are we doing enough? Diabetes Care 2013; 36(9): 2714-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/DC12-2501] [PMID: 23637353]
[24]
Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, et al. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care 2018; 41(5): 963-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1962] [PMID: 29475843]
[25]
Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics 2015; 33(8): 811-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40273-015-0268-9] [PMID: 25787932]
[26]
Cefalu WT, Buse JB, Tuomilehto J, et al. Update and Next Steps for Real-World Translation of Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Reflections rom a Diabetes Care Editors’ Expert Forum. Diabetes Care 2016; 39(7): 1186-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0873] [PMID: 27631469]
[27]
IDF clinical practice recommendations for managing Type 2 diabetes in primary care 2019. Available at: https://www.idf.org/e-library/guidelines/128-idf-clinical-practicerecommendations-for-managing-type-2-diabetes-inprimary-care.html
[28]
Federation ID, Atlas ID. International Diabetes Federation IDF diabetes atlas. 6th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation 2013.
[29]
Abuyassin B, Laher I. Diabetes epidemic sweeping the Arab world. World J Diabetes 2016; 7(8): 165-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i8.165] [PMID: 27114755]
[30]
Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE. Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 103(2): 137-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002] [PMID: 24630390]
[31]
Federation ID. IDF diabetes atlas update 2012 IDF diabetes atlas. 5th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation 2011.
[32]
Fatani HH, Mira SA, el-Zubier AG. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in rural Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Care 1987; 10(2): 180-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.10.2.180] [PMID: 3582078]
[33]
Al-Rubeaan K, Al-Manaa HA, Khoja TA, et al. Epidemiology of abnormal glucose metabolism in a country facing its epidemic: SAUDI-DM study. J Diabetes 2015; 7(5): 622-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12224] [PMID: 25266306]
[34]
Al-Nozha MM, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Mazrou YY, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2004; 25(11): 1603-10.
[PMID: 15573186]
[35]
Badran M, Laher I. Type II diabetes mellitus in Arabic-speaking countries.> Int J Endocrin 2012; 2012: 902873.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902873]
[36]
Meo SA, Al-Drees AM, Arif M, Al-Rubean K. Lung function in type 2 Saudi diabetic patients. Saudi Med J 2006; 27(3): 338-43.
[PMID: 16532094]
[37]
Laios K, Karamanou M, Saridaki Z, Androutsos G. Aretaeus of Cappadocia and the first description of diabetes. Hormones (Athens) 2012; 11(1): 109-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03401545] [PMID: 22450352]
[38]
Poretsky L, Ed. Principles of diabetes mellitus. Springer Science & Business Media 2010.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09841-8]
[39]
Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M, Norman JN. The prevalence of macrovascular complications among diabetic patients in the United Arab Emirates. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6(1): 24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-6-24] [PMID: 17880686]
[40]
Omar MS, Khudada K, Safarini S, Mehanna S, Nafach J. DiabCare survey of diabetes management and complications in the Gulf countries. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20(2): 219-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.176347] [PMID: 27042419]
[41]
Ansari-Moghaddam A, Setoodehzadeh F, Khammarnia M, Adineh HA. Economic cost of diabetes in the Eastern Mediterranean region countries: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14(5): 1101-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.044] [PMID: 32653635]
[42]
Zlotogora J. Parental decisions to abort or continue a pregnancy with an abnormal finding after an invasive prenatal test. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22(12): 1102-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pd.472] [PMID: 12454966]
[43]
Yitzhaki S. Israel in Figures: 2010. Jerusalem: Central Bureau of Statistics 2010. Available at: https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/Publications/israelfigures2011.pdf
[44]
Treister-Goltzman Y, Peleg R. Literature review of type 2 diabetes mellitus among minority Muslim populations in Israel. World J Diabetes 2015; 6(1): 192-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.192] [PMID: 25685290]
[45]
Central Bureau of Statistics 2018. Avaialble at: https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2019/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_01.pdf
[46]
Central Bureau of Statistics 2018. Available at: https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2019/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_02.pdf
[47]
Central Bureau of Statistics 2016. Available at: http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_SHTML?ID=802
[48]
Dwolatzky T, Brodsky J, Azaiza F, Clarfield AM, Jacobs JM, Litwin H. Coming of age: health-care challenges of an ageing population in Israel. Lancet 2017; 389(10088): 2542-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30789-4] [PMID: 28495114]
[49]
Abu-Saad K, Murad H, Lubin F, et al. Jews and Arabs in the same region in Israel exhibit major differences in dietary patterns. J Nutr 2012; 142(12): 2175-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.166611] [PMID: 23096004]
[50]
Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 2005; 365(9464): 1099-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71146-6] [PMID: 15781105]
[51]
Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of health and social behavior 1995 Jan 1:80-94.
[52]
Blane D. Social determinants of health-socioeconomic status, social class, and ethnicity. Am J Public Health 1995; 85(7): 903-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.85.7.903] [PMID: 7604907]
[53]
Sharkia R, Mahajnah M, Athamny E, Khatib M, Sheikh-Muhammad A, Zalan A. Changes in marriage patterns among the Arab community in Israel over a 60-year period. J Biosoc Sci 2016; 48(2): 283-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932015000103] [PMID: 25997496]
[54]
National Insurance Institute, Israel. The 2014 poverty report. Jerusalem: Israel National Insurance Institute, 2015.
[55]
Gross R, Rosen B, Shirom A. Reforming the Israeli health system: findings of a 3-year evaluation. Health Policy 2001; 56(1): 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00147-0] [PMID: 11230905]
[56]
Cohen AD, Dreiher J, Regev-Rosenberg S, et al. The quality indigators program in Clalit Health Services: the first decade. Harefuah 2010; 149(4): 204-209, 265.
[PMID: 20812490]
[57]
Wilf-Miron R, Tov OS, Lewinhoff I, et al. Equity promotion in Maccabi Healthcare Services: from the Equality Report to an organizational action plan. Harefuah 2010; 149(4): 210-213, 265, 264 A.
[PMID: 20812491]
[58]
Wilf-Miron R, Peled R, Yaari E, et al. Disparities in diabetes care: Role of the patient’s socio-demographic characteristics. BMC Public Health 2010; 10(1): 729 B.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-729] [PMID: 21108780]
[59]
Na’amnih W, Muhsen K, Tarabeia J, Saabneh A, Green MS. Trends in the gap in life expectancy between Arabs and Jews in Israel between 1975 and 2004. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39(5): 1324-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq073] [PMID: 20534651]
[60]
Sharkia R, Mahajnah M, Sheikh-Muhammad A, Khatib M, Zalan A. Trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Arabs in Israel: a community health survey. Glob Adv Res J Med Sci 2018; 7(4): 98-104.
[61]
Sagar AD, Najam A. The human development index: a critical review. Ecol Econ 1998; 25(3): 249-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00168-7]
[62]
Kalter-Leibovici O, Chetrit A, Lubin F, et al. Adult-onset diabetes among Arabs and Jews in Israel: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2012; 29(6): 748-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03516.x] [PMID: 22050554]
[63]
Zucker I, Arditi-Babchuk H, Enav T, Shohat T. Self-reported type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related eye disease in Jews and Arabs in Israel. J Immigr Minor Health 2016; 18(6): 1328-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0341-2] [PMID: 26831654]
[64]
Jaffe A, Giveon S, Wulffhart L, et al. Adult Arabs have higher risk for diabetes mellitus than Jews in Israel. PLoS One 2017; 12(5): e0176661.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176661] [PMID: 28481942]
[65]
Saabneh AM. Arab-Jewish gap in life expectancy in Israel. Eur J Public Health 2016; 26(3): 433-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv211] [PMID: 26612884]
[66]
Kalter-Leibovici O, Atamna A, Lubin F, et al. Obesity among Arabs and Jews in Israel: a population-based study. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9(7): 525-30.
[PMID: 17710784]
[67]
Keinan-Boker L, Noyman N, Chinich A, Green MS, Nitzan-Kaluski D. Overweight and obesity prevalence in Israel: Findings of the first national health and nutrition survey (MABAT). Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7(4): 219-23.
[PMID: 15847200]
[68]
Amkraut J, Zaina A, Abu-Rabia Y. Diabetes in the Bedouin population in the Israeli Negev–An update 2017. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 140: 55-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.029] [PMID: 29596942]
[69]
Calderon-Margalit R, Cohen-Dadi M, Opas D, et al. Trends in the performance of quality indicators for diabetes care in the community and in diabetes-related health status: an Israeli ecological study. Isr J Health Policy Res 2018; 7(1): 10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13584-018-0206-3] [PMID: 29343291]
[70]
Telman G, Hlebtovsky A, Sprecher E, Zaaroor M, Kouperberg E. Ethnic disparities in first primary intracerebral hemorrhage in northern Israel. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 34(4): 208-13. A
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000289352] [PMID: 20197704]
[71]
Gross B, Feldman-Idov Y, Molshatzki N, et al. National Acute Stroke Israeli Survey Study Group. Ethnic variations in acute ischemic stroke: findings from the National Acute Stroke Israeli Survey (NASIS). Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 31(5): 506-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324527] [PMID: 21411992]
[72]
Telman G, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D. Ethnic differences in ischemic stroke of working age in northern Israel. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2010; 19(5): 376-381 B.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.06.004] [PMID: 20472467]
[73]
Wilf-Miron R, Bolotin A, Gordon N, Porath A, Peled R. The association between improved quality diabetes indicators, health outcomes and costs: towards constructing a “business case” for quality of diabetes care-a time series study. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14(1): 92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-14-92] [PMID: 25434420]
[74]
Skaat A, Chetrit A, Belkin M, Kinori M, Kalter-Leibovici O. Time trends in the incidence and causes of blindness in Israel. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153(2): 214-221.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.035] [PMID: 22264945]
[75]
Central Bureau of Statistics. Life Expectancy by Age, Sex, and Population Group Israel Statistical Abstract 2015. Avaialbel at: http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton66/st03_25x.pdf
[76]
Abdul-Ghani MA, Sabbah M, Muati B, et al. High frequency of pre-diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and metabolic syndrome among overweight Arabs in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7(3): 143-147. B.
[PMID: 15792256]
[77]
Kark JD, Fink R, Adler B, Goldberger N, Goldman S. The incidence of coronary heart disease among Palestinians and Israelis in Jerusalem. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35(2): 448-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyl012] [PMID: 16455758]
[78]
Kark JD, Gordon ES, Haklai Z. Coronary heart disease mortality among Arab and Jewish residents of Jerusalem. Lancet 2000; 356(9239): 1410-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02849-X] [PMID: 11052588]
[79]
Palaniappan LP, Carnethon MR, Fortmann SP. Heterogeneity in the relationship between ethnicity, BMI, and fasting insulin. Diabetes Care 2002; 25(8): 1351-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.8.1351] [PMID: 12145234]
[80]
Fujimoto WY, Bergstrom RW, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, Newell- Morris LL, Wahl PW. Susceptibility to development of central adiposity among populations. Obes Res 1995; 3(S2)(Suppl. 2): 179S-86S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00461.x] [PMID: 8581774]
[81]
The Israel Center for Disease Control. The state of health of the Arab population of Israel.Ministry of Health 2006. Available from: https://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/ICSC_315e.pdf
[82]
Baron-Epel O, Haviv-Messika A, Tamir D, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Green M. Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys. Eur J Public Health 2004; 14(4): 384-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/14.4.384] [PMID: 15542874]
[83]
Troen AM, Fraser D, Abdeen Z, Rosenberg IH. Child Nutrition Initiative in Israel and Palestine: Status of food security, micronutrient malnutrition, and behavioral change and communication programs. Food Nutr Bull 2006; 27(2): 180-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650602700209] [PMID: 16786984]
[84]
Jabara R, Namouz S, Kark JD, Lotan C. Risk characteristics of Arab and Jewish women with coronary heart disease in Jerusalem. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9(4): 316-20.
[PMID: 17491229]
[85]
Greenberg E, Treger I, Schwarz J. Age, gender and risk factor disparities in first-stroke Jewish and Arab patients in Israel undergoing rehabilitation. Isr Med Assoc J 2011; 13(11): 680-3.
[PMID: 22279702]
[86]
Salameh S, Hochner-Celnikier D, Chajek-Shaul T, Manor O, Bursztyn M. Ethnic gap in coronary artery disease: comparison of the extent, severity, and risk factors in Arab and Jewish middle-aged women. J Cardiometab Syndr 2008; 3(1): 26-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-4572.2008.07315.x] [PMID: 18326974]
[87]
Stern E, Benbassat CA, Nahshoni A, Blum I. Hospitalization for general medical conditions among diabetic patients in Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3(1): 21-3.
[PMID: 11344795]
[88]
Chodick G, Heymann AD, Wood F, Kokia E. The direct medical cost of diabetes in Israel. Eur J Health Econ 2005; 6(2): 166-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-004-0269-7] [PMID: 15690168]
[89]
Chodick G, Porath A, Alapi H, et al. The direct medical cost of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, pregnancy and female infertility in a large HMO in Israel. Health Policy 2010; 95(2-3): 271-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.12.007] [PMID: 20061044]
[90]
Zalan A, Sharkia R. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Arab Society of Israel.Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_162-1]
[91]
Sharkia R, Sheikh-Muhammad A, Mahajnah M, Khatib M, Zalan A. Exploration of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes among Arabs in Israel. Ann Glob Health 2019; 85(1): 67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2350] [PMID: 31074599]
[92]
The Israeli Center for Disease Control. Available at: https://www.wikirefua.org.il/w/index.php/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_-_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_-_Epidimiologic_picture_of_diabetes_in_Israel
[93]
Weiss R, Nassar H, Sinnreich R, Kark JD. Differences in the triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio between Palestinian and Israeli adults. PLoS One 2015; 10(1): e0116617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116617] [PMID: 25635396]
[94]
Idilbi NM, Barhana M, Milman U, Carel RS. Diabetes mellitus and cancer: the different expression of these diseases in Israeli Arabs and Jews. Harefuah 2012; 151(11): 625-628, 654.
[PMID: 23367733]
[95]
Merom D, Sinnreich R, Aboudi V, Kark JD, Nassar H. Lifestyle physical activity among urban Palestinians and Israelis: a cross- sectional comparison in the Palestinian-Israeli Jerusalem risk factor study. BMC Public Health 2012; 12(1): 90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-90] [PMID: 22289260]
[96]
Khatib M, Efrat S, Deeb D. Knowledge, beliefs, and economic barriers to healthcare: a survey of diabetic patients in an Arab-Israeli town. J Ambul Care Manage 2007; 30(1): 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004479-200701000-00011] [PMID: 17170641]
[97]
Tamir O, Peleg R, Dreiher J, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in the Bedouin population: management and compliance. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9(9): 652-5.
[PMID: 17939626]
[98]
Abdul-Ghani MA, Kher J, Abbas N, Najami T. Association of high body mass index with low age of disease onset among Arab women with type 2 diabetes in a primary care clinic. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7(6): 360-3. A
[PMID: 15984376]
[99]
Cohen AD, Gefen K, Ozer A, et al. Diabetes control in the Bedouin population in southern Israel. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11(8): CR376-80.
[PMID: 16049379]
[100]
Green MS. Differences between Israeli Jews and Arabs in morbidity and mortality rates for diseases potentially associated with dietary risk factors. Public Health Rev 1998; 26(1): 31-40.
[PMID: 9775718]